Marketing Plan for Pampers - 6581 Words

Marketing Plan: Pampers Swaddlers Marketing Plan: Pampers Swaddlers Mary Beth Leslie EKU University Marketing Plan for Pampers Swaddlers The #1 product in market share and sales in the United States in the diaper industry is Pampers, a product owned by Procter amp; Gamble (Pamp;G). The introduction of disposable diapers may be one of the best examples of the impact on a market when there is dissatisfaction with the status quo. Pampers Diapers were born in 1956 when Vic Mills, a Pamp;G researcher, disliked changing the cloth diapers of his newborn grandchild. So he assigned fellow researchers in Pamp;G’s Exploratory Division in Miami, Ohio to look into the practicality of making a better disposable diaper. At the time, disposable†¦show more content†¦Business Analysis: Pamp;G Pamp;G Vision: Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services company in the world. Pamp;G’s Promise: Three million times a day, Pamp;G brands touch the lives of people around the world. And Pamp;G people work to make sure those brands live up to their promise to make everyday life just a little bit better, now and for generations to come. Pamp;G’s Mission Statement: We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live to work and prosper. Our purpose works to unify us in a common cause and growth strategy. It is powerful because it promotes a single idea to improve the lives of the world’s consumers every day. Pamp;G grows by touching and improving more consumers’ lives in more parts of the world†¦more completely. While this statement defines our commercial opportunity, our culture reflects the broader opportunity of improving lives through and beyond our branded products and services. At Pamp;G, we touch lives in small but meaningful ways. Billions of them. Everyday. Pamp;G’s company strategy is focused on strategies that they believe are right for the long term health of the company and will deliverShow MoreRelatedBradley Associates : Marketing Strategy For Your Company Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities for clients. We help companies plan and implement successful strategic marketing programs that are on-target and resonate with new international audiences. We provide clients with deeper insight into customers across countries with their needs across multiple demographic segments. Bradley and Associates then works with seeking companies to develop innovative marketing campaigns that will make a home country brand successful in another. Our marketing strategy for your company includes: ââ€" Read MoreThe Demographics Of The U.s. Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesanytime soon. With that being said, it does not mean that products like soaps, shampoos, etc. do not need to evolve with the changing desires of our country. They too must also add variety into their product mix, as well as change their methods of marketing to keep up with the times. Let’s now take a look at some demographic trends that will impact how companies market in the U.S. for the years to come. Hispanic Population Growth Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic/racial group in America. In 2014Read MoreDrypers Corporation Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagesretail channel. 3) Move from promotion-driven sales to brand-driven sales. Is there any secondary concerns? 10 million dollars is huge amount expenditure, so short- and long- term sales and brand-building effect and profit impact are parts of the plan for 1998. 2. Situation analysis Company background Drypers Corporation is a producer and marketer of premium- quality, valued- priced disposable baby diapers and training pants sold under the Drypers brand name in the United States and under theRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Marketing Strategy956 Words   |  4 PagesCOURSE: Diploma of Business Enterprise UNIT OF STUDY: Marketing ASSESSMENT TYPE: Individual Assignment ASSESSMENT TITLE: PART 2 Student id: 4496643 Student name: Harjot Kaur Sahota Teacher name: Rocco Gargano Table of contents: Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Marketing objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Target marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Proposed marketing strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Marketing budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Executive summary: The blush hair and beauty studio (salon) is located in RingwoodRead MoreNew Product Development6942 Words   |  28 Pagesevaluation 5 Internal Approach 5 External Approach 6 What did the PG at this stage? 6 BUSINESS ANALYSIS 8 What did PG at this stage? 9 Product development 10 What did PG at this stage? 12 Market Tests 14 Test Marketing 15 Simulated Test Markets 16 When Test Markets don’t work 16 What did PG at this stage? 17 Commercialization 19 Increasing the Success Rate of New Products 20 The Risks and Uncertainties of the Commercialization Stage 21 Read MoreAldi in Australia 31474 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand manufacturers. Aldi focuses on its own brands to remain independent, enabling it to avoid the high marketing costs often associated with national brands and to set its own price, product and quality policies. Minimising costs at all levels in the value chain is the key to Aldi’s business strategy. Marketing is another area where Aldi saves costs. Aldi has no marketing department and its marketing budget is about 0.3 percent of the total revenue. Advertising is minimal, relying on catalogues, localRead MoreSephora Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful combination of unparalleled brand and product assortment, distinctive store design and the beauty expertise of its sales consultants. Sephora is investigating marketing options to increase overall revenue with minimal cost to the company. This proposal consists of a marketing research plan conducted by the marketing group Maguires Misfits to determine the addition of Sephora Baby to include a wide range of juvenile skin care products. Today, parents are continually faced with theRead MoreMarketing : A New Strategic Vision1200 Words   |  5 Pagesand consequences. Now, marketing has many more functions that must be met before starting the production process; between them, include market research and design, development and testing of the final product. Marketing focuses mainly on analyzing consumer tastes, aims to establish your needs and desires and influence their behaviour to wanting to acquire existing assets, so that different techniques to persuade consumers to purchase a develop given product. The marketing activity includes planningRead MoreMba Papers7691 Words   |  31 Pageswhich include Buick, Motorola, and Campbell’s Soup. In 2003, the Weather Channel reached more than 83 million U.S. households in Latin America under the name, El Canal del Tiempo. According to The Weather Channel’s Vice-president of strategic marketing, Steven Clapp, â€Å"There might have been a time when people weren’t willing to admit that they were viewers. Now people are proud to say they watch us. Research shows that we are (gaining ratings), although it’s difficult to isolate why.† A majorRead MoreDreamers1047 Words   |  5 Pagesbrands—including Ivory soap, Tide, Pampers, Iams pet food, Crisco, and Folgers—to consumers in 160 countries. Historically the strategy at PG was well established. The company developed new products in Cincinnati and then relied on semi-autonomous foreign subsidiaries to manufacture, market, and distribute those products in different nations. In many cases, foreign subsidiaries had their own production facilities and tailored the packaging, brand name, and marketing message to local tastes and preferences

Prejudice, comformity and stereotyping in American History X

Introduction To The Topic American History X is a great film that portrays prejudice, stereotyping and conformity. Prejudice is negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group. Prejudice involves beliefs and emotions that can turn into hatred. Having an opinion or idea about a member of a group without really knowing that individual is a part of prejudice. Some people make judgments about a whole group of people without knowing very much about them. Sometimes people are afraid of those who seem different from them and unfortunately, they express that with name-calling and negative treatment. When people grow up with these ideas, sometimes its hard to get rid of them. Like in the†¦show more content†¦Derek fires his gun to kill and commits violent actions, which ends up in the death of the two black kids who tried to steal his car. Hes convicted of murder and sent to prison for three years. While in prison, Derek begins to see things in a different way. While in jail he learns some hard truths about life from a fellow inmate and his old high school principal that takes special interest in him. Avery Brooks, the principle ask Derek a powerful question. Has any thing youve done changed your life? But, when Derek emerges with a desire to change his attitude, he finds that words are not enough. Three years later, everyone awaits Dereks return. His mother Doris who prays for his safety, his girlfriend Stacey who longs for his return, and most of all Danny whos desperate for his brothers love and guidance, yet is driven by his own increasing white supremacy hatred. Danny who idolizes Derek has stepped into his shoes. Following the crowd of the white supremacy group the DOC. Avery Brooks the high school principle who has helped Derek also tries to help Danny by telling him to write a paper on his brother in hope to make him see things in a different light. Unbeknown to Danny, Derek is a changed man. Fresh from prison, he no longer views hatred as a badge of honor. Ashamed of his past he is now in a race to save Danny and the Vineyard family from the violence he brought down upon them. His mind is open and sees the American History 5 error of his ways.

A Choice We Make through a Decision of Our Will Free Essays

We cannot let the world’s wounds destroy our spirits. We cannot let our hurts and betrayals destroy our capacity for growth and caring. That there will be Judgment and, perhaps, Justice, is necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on A Choice We Make through a Decision of Our Will or any similar topic only for you Order Now That the violence be confronted and, if possible, contained is essential. But, most important is our capacity to nurture a loving heart, to affirm and not to curse, to forgive even when we cannot completely forget. † – Glenn H. Turner Some Questions to ask: How do you respond when you are wounded? How do you feel toward the person who has hurt you? How long do you carry your anger and how does that re-sentment (feeling it again and again) continue to hurt you? Can you forgive and break the cycle? Can you understand the other? What does forgiveness mean to you? It is not uncommon for Christians to have questions about forgiveness. Forgiveness does not come easy for most of us. Our natural instinct is to recoil in self-protection when we’ve been injured. We don’t naturally overflow with mercy, grace and forgiveness when we’ve been wronged Is forgiveness a conscious choice, a physical ct involving the will, or is it a feeling, an emotional state of being? The Bible offers insight and answers to these and many more questions about forgiveness. We’ll take a look at the most frequently asked questions and find out what the Bible says about forgiveness. Is forgiveness a conscious choice, or an emotional state? I believe forgiveness is a choice we make through a decision of our will, motivated by obedience to God and his command to forgive. The Bible instructs us to forgive as the Lord forgave us: Colossians 3:13 Bear with each other and forgive whatever grievances you may have against one nother. Forgive as the Lord forgave you. (NIV) How do we forgive when we don’t feel like it? How do we translate the decision to forgive into a change of heart? We forgive by faith, out of obedience. Since forgiveness goes against our nature, we must forgive by faith, whether we feel like it or not. We must trust God to do the work in us that needs to be done so that the forgiveness will be complete. I believe God honors our commitment to obey Him and our desire to please him when we choose to forgive. He completes the work in his time. We must continue to forgive (our Job), by faith, until the work of forgiveness (the Lord’s Job), is done in our hearts. Philippians 1:6 And I am certain that God, who began the good work within you, will continue his work until it is finally finished on the day when Christ Jesus returns. (NLT) How will we know if we have truly forgiven? Lewis B. Smedes wrote in his book, Forgive and Forget, â€Å"When you release the wrongdoer from the wrong, you cut a malignant tumor out of your inner life. You set a prisoner free, but you discover that the real prisoner was yourself. ? More Forgiveness Quotes that comes as a result. We are the ones who suffer most when we choose not to forgive. When we do forgive, the Lord sets our hearts free from the anger, bitterness, resentment and hurt that previously imprisoned us. Most times, however, forgiveness is a slow process. Matthew 18:21-22 Then Peter came to Jesus and asked, â€Å"Lord, how many times shall I forgive my brother when he sins against me? Up to seven times? † Jesus answered, â€Å"l tell you, not seven times, but seventy-seven times. (NIV) This answer by Jesus makes it clear that orgiveness is not easy for us. It’s not a one-time choice and then we automatically live in a state of forgiveness. Forgiveness may require a lifetime of forgiving, but it is important to the Lord. We must continue forgiving until the matter is settled in our heart. Is it okay to feel anger and want Justice for the person we need to forgive? This question presents another reason to pray for the person we need to forgive. We can pray for God to deal with the injustices, for God to Judge the person’s life, and then we can leave that prayer at the altar. We no longer have to carry the anger. Although it is normal for us to feel anger toward sin and injustice, it is not our Job to judge the other person in their sin. Luke 6:37 Do not Judge, and you will not be Judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven. (NIV) Why must we forgive? The best reason to forgive is because Jesus commanded us to forgive. We learn from Scripture, if we don’t forgive, neither will we be forgiven: Matthew 6:14-16 For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also orgive you. But if you do not forgive men their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. (NIV) We also forgive so that our prayers will not be hindered: Mark 11:25 And when you stand praying, if you hold anything against anyone, forgive him, so that your Father in heaven may forgive you your sins. (NIV) In summary and in closing, we forgive out of obedience to the Lord. It is a choice, a decision we make. However, as we do this â€Å"forgiving,† we discover the command is in place for our own good, and we receive the reward of our forgiveness†freedom. How to cite A Choice We Make through a Decision of Our Will, Papers

The Incidental Gift of Life Essay Example For Students

The Incidental Gift of Life Essay On the way walking to the bus station after an English class last semester, Duong, the only Vietnamese classmate of mine said to me, Sister, you are now thirty-two years old, right? A lot of people your age have at least two or three kids. Why dont you have one? You are old enough to have kids, Phuc.   There is much truth in Duongs words because they truly aroused me. I dont think about it yet, it is not my target right now, Duong,  I answer. Frankly, I am now at the age that people have called it a transition between young adulthood and middle adulthood. According to Vietnamese custom, the right age to have a baby is from 20-25 years old. Although most people consider it late  to have a baby at the age of 30, the idea of having a baby was never on my mind in the two years of marriage. At the time, my goal was to finish college and get a stable job. Two months later, Ive became pregnant. It is like a happy accident  that has come and filled my mind with joy and love. Last semester was my first year in college. Although I was taking three classes carrying twelve credits and working two jobs at the same time, I didnt feel exhausted. However, working and studying truly kept me busy, and I did not notice that I neglected my health and disregarded my body. I wasnt aware of the baby inside of me until I felt nauseous and abnormally sick. The news about the expected baby usually brings a blessing for many people; but it was a shock for me because I wasnt prepared for it. Nevertheless, it actually changed my habits and my academic goals. It is changing my life. As months went by, preparing to be a mother has gradually and positively affected my eating habits. Before noticing the baby inside of me, I used to eat just once or twice a day. I would have a quick breakfast with milk and bread. Eating was just a mean for survival for me at the time. Cheese steaks and hamburgers was my favorite fast food for lunch. I almost always skipped dinner. It was a very unhealthy lifestyle and definitely unfit for someone with an unborn baby. However, in my first trimester of pregnancy, my appetite totally changed, my body required some specific kinds of food such as pickles, green mango, and many kinds of Vietnamese cuisine such as Sticky Rice, Vietnamese Noodle Soups like Pho, Bun Bo Hue. Most of the food I used to eat in large quantities during my childhood. For the Vietnamese food that I could not cook, my husband would take me to the Vietnamese restaurants. Otherwise, I had to learn how to cook by surfing the web for Vietnamese cuisine or reading cook books on Vietnamese food. As a mother-to-be, I am aware of the importance of nutrient-rich input from daily meal. So, eating has become my first priority. Any kinds of food are recommended for pregnant woman would be certainly in my everyday menu. Ive been eating various kinds of food that help for the development of the baby like eggs, fishes and beef to strengthen the babys brain; seafood to gain the calcium and a lot of fresh fruits and vegetable to enhance the digestive system. I have stayed away from Coffee, Coke or any kinds of drinks that contain caffeine as per the doctors advice that caffeine may affect the babys brain. Instead, I have drunk at least 16 oz of milk or fruit juice everyday which can meet the requirement for important nutrients such as protein, vitamin D, and calcium. .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .postImageUrl , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:hover , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:visited , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:active { border:0!important; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:active , .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229 .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4929842998f0a1651953235e13f95229:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bicycle and Spare Parts Management System EssayAs a result, I could easily go through the tough first trimester of pregnancy, and I have gained 20 pounds during seven months of pregnancy. As a human being, everybody has a goal to pursue. I also have my own academic goal. I have planned to finish college degree in two years. However, being a mother has likely changed my school plan. The fall semester started on Sept 4th and last until Dec 22nd. The baby will come at any time regardless of my plan to complete the fall semester which ends in Dec 22nd. Despite a lot of recommendation that I should stay at home preparing to be a mother, I chose to take three classes this semest er. Although I only took three classes instead of four classes as a full time student, I feel happy; because I strongly understand a concept that a big time dreamer, a long time procrastinator  . Having a baby is a lifelong project that requires the parents patience and time. Therefore, not everyone could finish their goal with the burden of having kids generally. Lets see if I can overcome those obstacles to reach my goal. Back to the time before pregnancy, I were planning to go back to Vietnam to visit my family and travel to some other countries such as: China, Canada, Mexico, but those plans need to be on hold   until the baby is born. Pregnancy not only changes my plan, but also changes my life. I cannot spend a lot of time with my friends or hang out with them for eating, shopping, going to a night club. Instead, I stay at home learning how to cook and reading books like a monk. Besides, I always think very carefully about every penny I spend. I and my husband had a careful discussion and a concrete plan for our budget. We need more financial account ability. My husband had to find new job to cover the familys expense. To approach that, he enrolled a training program for a Medical Biller. We had to borrow the money for the program, so no travels for pleasure, but more bills, more concerns and more loans. Pregnancy has become a misadventure and a sweet incident in my life. I now feel very wonderful to wait for the baby to be born. I also do enjoy my pregnancy time when I feel the baby moving inside of me. Being pregnant is a nice experience for anyone who is expecting a baby. It is like a gift of the entire life and a true happiness. Anybody who has kids would understand my happiness and my statement about having baby would change the habits, the current lifestyle and all the plans.

Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles free essay sample

Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using amla on Hep2 cell line BY stanleY00086 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2012)1-10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www. elsevier. com/locate/ap]tm Document heading dot: Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using amla on Hep2 cell line Fathima Stanley Rosarinl , Vadivel Arulmozhil , Samuthira NagaraJan2, Sankaran Mirunalinil* Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India Department of Chemistry, Annamalai Results: PE-AgNPs was synthesized and confirmed through kinetic behavior of NPs. The shape of PE-AgNPs was spherical and ubic since it was agglomerated, and the nanoparticle surface was complicated. Average particle size distribution of PE-AgNPs was found to be 188 nm. Potent biomolecules of P. emblica such as polyphenols were capped with AgNPs and reduced its toxicity. In cytotoxicity assay the concentration in which the maximum number of cell death was 60 fig/mL and 50 fig/mL for P. We will write a custom essay sample on Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page emblica (alone) and AgNPs, respectively and IC50 values were fixed as 30 fig/mL and 20 fig/mL. ROS generation, apoptotic morphological changes, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage and oxidative stress was observed as more in AgNPs treated cells than in P. mblica (30 g/mL) (alone) treated cells and 5-FU treated cells gave similar result. Conclusions: The results suggest that the AgNPs are capped with biomolecules of amla enhanced cytotoxicity in laryngeal cancer cells through oxidative stress and apoptotic function on Hep2 cancer cells. Keywords: Amla AgNPS Oxidative stress Cytotoxicity Antiproliferation 1. Introduction Cancer is considered as one of the most deadly disease in the world with high mortality. Since there are many cancer therapies available, chemotherapy has become an integral component of cancer treatment for most cancers. In the area f oncology drug discovery, conventional chemotherapeutic agents still exhibit poor specificity in reaching tumor tissue and are often restricted by dose-limiting toxicity. The combination of developing controlled-release technology and targeted drug delivery may provide a more efficient and less harmful solution to overcome the limitations in *Corresponding author: Dr. S. Mirunalini, assistant professor, Depatment of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar 608 002, Tami nadu, India. Tel: Fax: conventional chemotherapy. R ecent interest has been are capable of controlling the release of chemotherapeutic gents directly inside cancer cells[l]. Nanomaterials are expected hopefully to revolutionize the cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanoscale particles decorated with multiple functionalities are able to target and visualize tumor site via an imaging technology, thereby allowing for the early detection of cancer. Furthermore, intelligent nanosystems can be constructed as controlled delivery vehicles which are capable of delivering anticancer drugs to a predetermined site and then releasing them with a programmed rate, which can improve therapeutic efficacy[2]. In inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles have eceived considerable attention in recent years because of their unique properties and potential applications in Fathima Stanley Rosarin et al. /Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2012)1-10 catalysis, photonics, optoelectronics, biological tagging and pharmaceutical applications. A number of approaches are available for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). For example, silver ions are reduced by chemical, electrochemical, radiation, photochemical methods, Langmuir-Blodgett and biological techniques[3-9]. Among these methods, biological synthesis is a good way to fabricate benign nanostructure aterials. Biological technique is less toxic and eco friendly, in the synthesis of nanoparticles capping agents are used. Capping agent is absorbed by nanoparticles. They are usually organic molecules, and used to aid stabilization of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by various plant materials as capping agents such as papaya[10] and neem[11]. Polyphenols of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) includes hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, gallic acid, ellagic acid and quercetin [1 2], and this plant exhibits antioxidant[13], adaptogenic[14], and hepato-protective action[1 5]. Due to the existence of the conjugated ring structures and hydroxyl groups, many phenolic compounds have the potential to function as antioxidants by scavenging superoxide anion[16] and singlet oxygen[17]. Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized in the average size of more than 50 nm, therefore their large surface area has the ability to carry a relatively high drug dose. Functionalizing the surface of conventional metallic nanoparticles like gold and silver to carry drugs is under investigation. investigate the anticancer effect of PE-AgNPs and drug delivery efficacy of Ag nanoparticles on Hep2 (laryngeal pidermoid carcinoma, a common malignant tumor of head and neck)[18] cell line which has not been previously studied. The biological applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), antimicrobial properties in particular have been widely studied[19]. AgNPs are known to be cytotoxic to both normal and cancer cells in mammals [20] and the modes of interactions of AgNPs have been investigated in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems [21-23]. Since nanoparticles ( NPs) are more biocompatible than the conventional therapeutics, they are exploited for drug encapsulation and delivery[24]. It has been stressed over he years that size reduction of NPs play an important role in improving their bioavailability as well as compatibility for therapeutical applications in diseases like cancer[25]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a great potential in cancer management because it selectively involved in disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by AgNPs leading to production of ROS and interruption of ATP synthesis, which in turn cause DNA damage[26,21]. Based on the conflicting results, here is an urgency to evaluate cytotoxicity and apoptotic properties of PE-AgNPs on hep2 cells. In order to study the properties of PE-AgNPs to induce apoptosis n cancer cells, it was compared with a standard reference drug 5-flourouracil (5-FU) and we also compared P. emblica fruit extract (alone) with its encapsulated AgNPs. For this study, we employed a well characterized AgNPs to access its apoptotic function via its cytotoxicty and oxidative stress. Dose was fixed and applied in the Hep2 cells by the cytotoxicity test. Based on this study and our ability to access the interaction and interference with a wide range of biological functions, PE-AgNPs employed in the present study provide a unique opportunity to investigate oxidative stress, intracellular ROS generation, apoptotic bodies and poptotic DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial membrane potential and toxicity in human laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep2 cell line). Though the AgNPs induces mitochondrial mediated apoptosis[27], we have made an attempt to cap the AgNPs with potent biomolecules of P. mblica and we assessed the toxicity and examined the apoptotic function of PE-Ag NPs which comprised of biomolecules of P. emblica and silver precursors. 2. 1 . Silver nanoparticles The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using previously published procedure in which AgNPs were produced through ion reduction and subsequent stabilization using aqueous xtract of P. emblica fruits. In this method P. emblica pericorps were initially rinsed thrice in distil led water and dried on paper toweling. About 25 g of fruit were cut into fine pieces and boiled with 100 mL sterile distilled water for 5 minutes and filtered through Whatman No. l filter paper twice. The filtrate was stored at 4 C and used for the present study. About 10 mL of aqueous fruit extract was added into the 100 mL aqueous solution of 1 mM AgN03 (AR)[28]. The 100 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate solution was reduced using 10 mL of P. emblica extract at room temperature within 10 min. Ag ion reduction was monitored by measuring the UV-vis spectrum of the reaction medium at various time intervals (5 min to 78 h) in room temperature. The pellet of AgNPs obtained after centrifugation was air dried and mixed with KBr and the KBr-AgNPs pellet was subjected to FTIR to ensure the formation of silver nanoparticles with encapsulation of biomolecules of P. emblica. A scanning electron microscope was used to record the micrograph images of synthesized AgNPs, the particle size distribution of AgNPs was evaluated using dynamic light scattering measurements. These well characterized silver nanoparticles ere further used for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress on cancer cells. 2. 2. Cell culture The human laryngeal carcinoma cell line ( Hep2) was purchased from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, I ndia. T he cells were cultured as monolayer in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% glutamine and 100 IJ/mL penicillin-streptomycin at 37 C in 5% C02 atmosphere, stocks were maintained in 25 cm2 tissue culture flasks. A stock solution of PE (1 mg/mL) and PE-AgNPs (1 mg/mL) was prepared in 0. 5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (w/v) and stored at 4 C further dilution was made in culture media to obtain the desired oncentrations. The final concentrations of DMSO in the culture medium were not more than 0. 01% (wv). 0. 01% DMSO was used as a sham control. C ells were treated with different concentration of PE and PE-AgNPS (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 fig,t-nL) and the cytotoxicity was observed by (3-4, 5-dimethyl thiaz012yl)-2, 5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MTT assay was first proposed by mossmon[29]. IC50 value was calculated and optimum dose of PE and PE-AgNPs was fixed in this assay for further study. It is a colorimetric assay for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT to purple color. Formazan product is directly proportional to viable cells. 10 GL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each culture well after 24 hours of incubation with PE and PE-AgNPs treatment. The color was allowed to develop for additional 4 hours incubation. An equal volume of DMSO was added to stop the reaction and to solubilize the blue crystals. The absorbance was taken using UV-visible spectrophotometer (Elico SLl 59, India) at a wavelength of 570 nm. OD value was subjected to sort-out percentage of viability by using the following formula, OD value of experimental samples. Percentage of cell viability= OD value of experimental sample (AgNPs) OD value of experimental control (untreated) 2. 4. Cell treatment The Hep2 cells were treated with PE and PE-AgNPs in the following concentrations as revealed by MTT assay. They are Group l- Control (untreated cancer cells), Group ll- Hep2 cells (30 Gg/mL PE), Group Ill Hep2 cells + 20 fig/mL PE-AgNPs and Group IV Hep2 cells + 30 Gg/mL 5-FU. After treatment they were incubated at 37 C in 5% C02 incubator after 24 h incubation. The cells were harvested by trypsinization for further experiments. . 5. Reactive oxygen species generation R eactive oxygen species was assessed following the rocedure described by J esudason et al [30]. C ells were seeded in 96 well plate and incubated with PE extract (30 figmL), PE-AgNPS (20 fig,t-nL) and 5-FU (30 for 24 h. A fter incubation, fluorescent dye 2 , 7 dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH- DA) a non-fluorescent probe that can penetrate into the intracellular matrix of cells, wh ich were then kept in incubator for 30 min. Then the cells were washed with PBS to remove the excess dye. . 6. Mitochondrial membrane potential Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated following the procedure described by B hosle et al [31] using the Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) which is a lipophilic cationic dye, 3 highly specific for mitochondria. The cells were seeded in 96 well plate and treated with PE (30 fig/mL), PE-AgNPs (20 fig/mL) and 5-FIJ (30 fig/mL) and incubated for 24 h. A fter incubation of the cells, fluorescent dye R h- 123 (5 mmol/L) was added to the cells and kept in incubator for 30 min. Then the cells were washed with PBS and viewed under fluorescent microscope using blue filter. 2. 7. Apoptotic morphological changes The apoptotic bodies which were the result of treatment with PE-Ag NPs was assessed by the method of Lakshmi et al[32]. Apoptotic nuclei exhibits typical changes such as nuclear condensation and fragmentation were stained by AO/EtBr to know the dead apoptotic cells. Cells were treated with PE (30 Gg/mL), PE- AgNPS (20 fig/TlL) and 5-FIJ (30 fig/mL), and incubated in C02 incubator for 24 h. The cells were fixed in methanol: glacial acetic acid (3:1) for 30 min at 37 C. The cells were washed with PBS and stained in 1:1 ratio of AO/EtBr, stained cells were immediately washed and viewed under a fluorescent microscope with a magnification of 40x. 2. 8. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation A poptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of rogrammed cell death and also occurs in certain stages of necrosis. DNA damage was estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA fragmentation[33]. Hep2 cells were treated with PE ( 30 g/m L), PE A g NP s (20 g/m L) and 5-FU (30 Gg/mL). Treated and untreated cells were collected by centrifugation at 3 000 rpm for 15 min at 4 C. The cell pellet was suspended in cell lysis buffer (Tris Hcl 10 mmol/L pH 7. 4, Triton-xlOO, 0. 5%) and kept at 4 C for 20 minutes. The supernatant was incubated with RNAase of 40 fig/L at 37 for 1 h then incubated with proteinase K 40 Gg/L at 37 for 1 h. To he final aqueous phase 40 GL of 3. 5 M ammonium acetate was added, to this ice cold isopropanol was added and centrifuged at 25 000 rpm for 15 min and dried. After drying, DNA was dissolved in TE buffer and separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis at 100 V for 50 min and the DNA Damage was analyzed by gel documentation (alpha innotech image analyzer). 2. 9. Lipid peroxidation Accumulation of lipid peroxides in the cell is associated cellular stress which leads to cancer cell death. The cells were harvested by trypsinization, the cell pellet obtained was suspended in PBS . T he suspension was taken for iochemical estimations. The level of lipid peroxidation was determined by analyzing TBA-reactive substances (TBARS)[34]. The pink chromogen formed by the reaction of 2-TBA with breakdown products of lipid peroxidation was Figure 1 . Solution of fruit extract, AgNO 3 solution and Ag nanoparticles (From left to right). 0. 200 The statistical analysis was done among the experimental groups with control and normal groups using SPSS software Version 16 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). The One-way ANOVA was done for expressing experimental significance of the present study. Statistical significance was accepted t a level of P 0. 05. Abs. 3. 1 . Nanoparticle synthesis and characterization 0. 050 When aqueous extract of P. mblica was added to silver nitrate solution and stirred for 1 h, the resultant solution was brownish orange (F igure 1 ).

Fiscal Policy paper Research Paper Example

Fiscal Policy paper Research Paper Example Fiscal Policy paper Paper Fiscal Policy paper Paper Fiscal Policy Paper Name: Course: Date: : Fiscal Policy Paper A budget deficit in a national economy occurs when spends more than what it earns as revenue. It means that the level of expenditure is higher than that of total revenue. Surplus occurs whenever the amount of total revenue exceeds that of expenditure. However, it is not a priority of the government, incurring a surplus is often a good thing. A debt is any money owed by the state to other countries or financial institutions often borrowed to curb deficits. Currently the United States is experiencing one of the worst ever financial crises in its history. Its deficit has risen to a dramatic percentage and much of it has blamed on the country’s fiscal policy. The deficit has led to the accumulation of debts in order to sustain the country’s crumbling economy. The effects of this deficit are very dangerous to the economy. By increasing debt, the monetary supply in the nation increases causing inflation. Although debt decreases the deficit, a problem arises when it comes to paying off the debts. The interest payments for these debts form part of the budget, and other sectors may lose out due to the debt (Gwartney, 2011). The country is set for a fiscal cliff in the course of this year. This subject dominated the 2012 presidential elections with targeted attacks on the government’s inability to avert it. The manufacturing industry is one of the largest in the United States. This is because of the amount of revenue it earns the country, implying that it is the centre of the country’s economy. Products from this industry contribute to trade with other nations as America maintains a productive advantage in the global market. Automotive manufacturing in America earns a lot of revenue because of economies of scale. A number of surveys reveal that over the last four years this sector has shown much improvement. There has been a significant rise in the number of exports of vehicles and parts, a figure that is declining due to trade deficit. The U.S surplus, deficit and debt affects both the automotive industry and the financial reputation of the country at the international level. A surplus is often a positive achievement but the same cannot be said about a deficit and debt, which denote the current financial status of the United States. This is because they are indicators of the country’s economic status at any given time. How these factors affect international perception and the automotive sector is variable. The effects of a surplus are always good as it leads to creation of more jobs, provides more capital for industries and is an indicator of a strong economy. On the other hand, effects of a deficit and debts are mostly negative. For instance, the automotive industry and the manufacturing sector at large have been adversely affected by the U.S. deficit. Once a thriving sector, trade deficit has reduced its value. Faced by competition from other countries such as Germany and China, the auto industry, once mainly an exporter has started to import vehicles and parts. This has also contributed to the country’s overall deficit. This loss of competitiveness is what drives America to outsource. For as long as America keeps incurring debt to pay its deficit, less money is channeled into reviving the automotive industry. People are affected by losing their jobs and earning less income. In the end, the cost of living rises. Internationally, the U.S is almost losing its status among the superpowers. Though it remains a dominant player in international politics, it has faced constant criticism for its failure to maintain a stable financial position. All these show how the above-mentioned factors affect international view of America and its economy, particularly in the manufacturing sector. This means that they play a great role in America’s economy and help shape perception of the country’s financial position.

Providing Feedback to the Community-based Care Transitions Program Research Paper

Providing Feedback to the Community-based Care Transitions Program - Research Paper Example The CCTP is connected with the Partnership for Patients, whose focus is on improving patient experience and reducing the costs of hospital readmissions by 20 percent (Partnership, 2014). Those included in the partnership are the Hospital Engagement Networks there are 26 states, regional and national hospital system organizations that help identify solutions for protecting against hospital-acquired conditions; the Community-based Care Transition Program (CCTP) which seeks to incorporate social service providers, pharmacies, primary care practices, nursing homes and home health agencies to provide patients with care; and the Patient and Family Engagement (PFE) system which connects relationships between patients, their families and the health care system, so that outside care can continue, rather than returning to the hospital (Partnership, 2014). The New York Methodist Hospital provides a coordinator who assists each patient during the first 30 days to assist patient needs, decipher discharge paperwork and care instructions, oversees follow-up medical appointments for the patient, along with prescription fillings, and will also connect the patient with community services, such as Meals on Wheels (NYM, 2014). As this whole process is still relatively new, it is a work in progress, particularly as the ACA moves into gear in this past year. Obviously, hospitals want to reduce costs, but it should never be at the expense of the public’s health, particularly when concerning older people. As of January 2013, New York State’s Medicare Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) showed reduction rates for Medicare patients in re-admissions within the first 30 days of implementing the program (PR, 2013). Those rates were compared to those from an intervention pilot program during 2009 to 2010, as part of the CMS 9th Scope of Work (SOW) Care Transitions initiative, covering 14 communities nationwide.  Ã‚