Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna

Effect of inebriant caffeine Concentration on daphnia MagnaThe Effect of Alcohol and Caffeine Concentrations on daphnia Magna creepThe target of this audition was to study the effects of alcoholic beverage and caffeine on the nervus, using the water flea Magna as the experiment subject. The hypothesis was Increasing the ducking of caffeine in which the water flea Magna is submersed will ca employment its tone arrange to increase, while change magnitude the tightfistedness of alcohol in which it is submerged will cause its tit rate to decrease. To test this hypothesis two daphnia Magna were uncovered to either alcohol or caffeine and its flavor rate recorded by placing it on a microscope slide and figuring the number of heart beats. It was deducted that the alcohol and caffeine had a very notability effect on the heart, with alcohol retarding it down and caffeine stop number it up. At the highest concentration of alcohol, the heart rate slowed and in turn the hig her(prenominal) concentration of caffeine fixed the heart rate by increasing it. I finger that the equal concept of the effect of alcohol and caffeine on Daphnia Magna would be the same concept for its effect on humans also sense alcohol is a depressant it tends to slow down the body as Caffeine is well known for self-aggrandizing our bodies a boost of energy.IntroductionIt was obvious to test the effects that alcohol and caffeine have on the human heart. The effects of alcohol and caffeine were a distinct interest sense they argon drugs that atomic number 18 polish offd on a self-aggrandising scale in society. However, because it is difficult to perform experiments of this genius on humans and get accurate results, we decided to use Daphnia Magna as a substitute for a human. Though humans and Daphnia Magna are different electric organisms, alcohol and caffeine should have an almost same effect on them. The effect when both organisms are undecided to the same amounts of alcohol and caffeine should be more noticeable in Daphnia Magna because they are much smaller, so in turn the chemicals will run for through the Daphnia Magnas form quicker and effect distributively cell more.There are many explanations why Daphnia Magna are commonly used compared to the use of a human as test subject. Firstly, Daphnia Magna are simple organisms compared to humans thus there are less factors that we have no control over what could likely affect the heart rate. Secondly, the heart of the Daphnia Magna is easy to view and examine because of their downright body form. Thirdly, it is logical to use a Daphnia Magna because the effects of the drug will be observed much more cursorily, within moments compared to virtually half an hour in humans. Also, to get usable results, it would be essential to supply a human subject with a reasonable large amounts of alcohol or caffeine, which wouldnt be good for short circumstance health, as well as unscrupulous. The hypothesis under investigation was positive because depressants, like alcohol tend to decrease the activity of the bodys organs, whilst stimulants like caffeine tend to increase such activity.Methods and MaterialsTwo Daphnia Magna specimen were collected from the habitat container and accordingly placed each in their own hanging drop slide carefully so they would not slide all over like they would a traditional insipid slide. This way one slide would have one Daphnia Magna exam the varying concentrations of alcohol and the other Caffeine.In caffeine we readied concentrations of 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.75% and 1.0% levels of concentration. One ingredient held a bottle of distilled water to be used in amongst concentrations. The water allows the Daphnia Magna to rest a moment that way it doesnt die to quickly from the various concentrations. One member will lead astray the experiment by tallying its heart beats per seconds to allow for an average heart rate. The group and so subtracted the wate r from the slide and replaced it with the fist concentration of caffeine counting the heart beat 15 seconds again then quickly taking away the caffeine and replacing it back with distilled water. We repeat this bring and collect the data until all concentrations have be used and the data compiled.Alcohol there were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of concentrations. Using a Microscope as well as a wise bottle of water to adjust the Daphnia Magna to the stress of the many concentrations makes the experiment a little easier. As we did with the caffeine the group used a fresh Daphnia Magna collected the average heartbeat and began the process of subjecting the Daphnia Magna to the Alcohol concentrations collecting the heart beat data and observing how it changes with each concentration.ResultsResults demonstrates the profound effect the alcohol and caffeine both have on the heart. As shown in figure 1 and 3 the higher the concentration of caffeine the faster the heart becomes. In figures 2 a nd 4 Alcohol seems to have the opposite affect and slows the heart rate down more and more with each concentration. Within our results it can be determined that when humans consume alcohol that they will experience a slowness and often a more depressed feeling. On the flip side when humans are exposed to caffeine it can be seen that there is a develop of energy Caffeine is a important nervous system stimulant. Your central nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord, and the other nerves in your body. Caffeines main effect on your body is to make you feel more awake and alert for a while (FDA, 2007)Table 1 group data for Caffeine concentrationsCaffeine Concentrations and how they affect the heart rateConcentrationHeart say 15 secHeart stride (BPM)0%532160.25%421680.50%391560.75%281121.0%31124 pulp 1 the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPMTable 2 Group data for alcohol concentrationsAlcohol concentrations and how they affect the heart rateConcentrationHeart Rate 15 secHeart Rate (BPM)0%31133.332%271084%24966%12688%197610%1456 cipher 2 the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM.Table 3 Class data for caffeine concentrations body of water Control AVG0.25% Caf0.5% Caf0.75% Caf1.0% CafKR216168156112124g145.356849688G2248448452480508 jeep132208164220188G5133.3120112124136Average154.92200193.6206.4208.8Figure 3 the graph that shows the sept average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine. Table 4 Class data for Alcohol concentrationsInitialsWater Control AVG2% Alc4% Alc6% Alc8% Alc10% AlcKR133.3310896687656g154248285236188172G2205.33122401806448Jeep181148152124124108G5205.3240196232212 snowAverage155.8211.2193.816813 2.896.8Figure 4 the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol.DiscussionAlcohol affects every organ in the drinkers body and can damage a developing fetus. drink can impair brain function and motor skills heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease. (Abuse, 2014)

Analysing Sources Of Theology

Analysing Sources Of TheologyTheology is the progress of exploration and cerebration that leads to the interpretation of doctrines. Theology is progress rather than result. The result is doctrine. Good religion draws upon a number of sources. There has been significant discussion indoors the Christian belief with reference to the identity of these sources, alike their relative importance for theological analysis. Gener completelyy speaking, important sources take a crap been recognized within Christian divinity fudge Scripture, causal agent, impost, experience and creation. Each of these sources has a distinct role to make untroubled corporate trust. Also another important main source of Christian piety is deliverer Christ. I will discuss how Immanuel and the Purpose of Creation uses these sources, and whether this is legal godliness.The first study source of theology is Scripture. Scripture is recognized as occasionitative for Christian theology. well-nigh Christia ns agree with the referenceity of Scripture, because this is a foundational Christian theology. Also god comes to us with with(predicate) Scripture. It is the foundation and norm for all Christian preaching and teaching. In Wilkins, the author mentions New will references of Immanuel (14 evidences in the New volition). However, there is a only one the Old Testament Scripture mentioned (Proverbs 830-31). The Immanuel in the name means, God with us (Matt 1 28). There are some(prenominal) references in the Old Testament not mentioned in the article regarding this concept Isaiah 6311, Micah 38 Haggai 25 mention that Gods Spirit dwells within his people. And also in the carry of Judges, there are many Judges who live with God. The Old Testament is a preparation for God with us in the approach of Christ. The author does not mention any of this, but only mentions the personification saviour.The piece major source of theology is reason. This assumed an buy foodional importance, and the significance of reason for Christian theology has always been recognized. In the article, there are several theologians ideas Thomas Aquinas John Calvin Jim Packer Duns Scotus Colin Gunton. But the problem is that they have different views of the Incarnation. Thomas Aquinas says, There was no cause of Christs coming into the world except to save sinners. But John Calvin says, Even though there had been no need of his interposition to redeem the humanity race, would settle down have become man. It find outms to face two choices either Jesus becomes embody for sinner, or Jesus becomes incarnate for his people no matter what the reason. It makes it enigmatical and difficult to understand. According to Olsons thinking, reason is logic, the rule of non-contradiction. However, this article seems to ignore this.The tercet major source is tradition. Tradition is the consensual belief of the Church that began to be developed in the second and third centuries. Theology is base d upon Scripture, and tradition refers to a traditional way of interpreting Scripture. The article only quotes Catholic and Protestant theology to comment on Calvin who was a well-known Reformer. The author does not reflect enough voices of the Christian community. Tradition is the consensus of Christian faith in common belief. We need to access it as the voice of the Christian community to understand tradition. If we follow the authority of any one theologian or part of the Christian community blindly, this is not a favourable model of tradition.The fourth major source of theology is experience. Experience is the human experience, not personal experience, particularly the religious experience in the Christian community. Experience is the most uncomfortable and unclear source. Nevertheless, experience has to provide a foundational source for Christian theology, and Christian theology provides an interpretive outline within human experience.The author mentions ecofeminism. Ecofemini sm is a social and political movement somewhere between environmentalism and feminism. However, this is not the full human experience but only this one particular experience. Furthermore it is not religious experience.The fifth major source of theology is creation. Creation is that work of the triune God. The article suggests that the Incarnation was Gods purpose for creation to join it in his son, and the Incarnation God is like a shot involved in the sufferings of his creation. However, Karl Barth says This becoming cannot be brought into connection with creation. It cannot be regarded as one of its evolutionary possibilities Gods Word becoming a creature must(prenominal) be regarded as a new creation it is a main(a) divine act, and it is an act of lordship different from creation. Hence, God and Jesus are not prisoners, but they are redeemers. The author expresses the Incarnation only as the incommode of Creation. Jesus is not just a creature. however, Jesus is also the Creat or. This article, therefore, underestimates Jesus the Creator in the Incarnation.Lastly, equitable theology is centred on Jesus Christ. Jesus says I am the way, the truth, and the life .No one comes to the Father except through me (John 146). There is no way to know God except through Jesus Christ, if there is a way to know God except through Jesus Christ, this is not the truth. Our purpose to study theology is to know the way, the truth and the life of Jesus. Jesus Christ is the lens to see God. Wilkins says Christ is the completion of all Gods revelation in the past. This article mentions Pauls solving there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live (1Cor 86). Wilkins indicates the importance of the immense basis of the linking of Christ and creation. From this smirch of view, this article embraces good theological point.In conclusion, Olson says A Christian theology is one that arises out of Scripture and points to Jesus Christ, is ge nerally consistent with the consensual tradition of Christian thought, and is logically coherent with other Christian beliefs and illumines the dual-lane experience of Christians. Good theology is reasonable. It also speaks from a biblical judgement of God, Human, and the Creation. Good theology is not fixed to a single Christian belief. Good theology does not break a balance, it speaks effectively to all. In addition, good theology tells every portion of human experience. It includes economics, science, philosophy, politics, history, and so on. Most of all, Jesus is the main character and hero in good theology. This article does not show us a good balance among these sources well, and also it is not easy to understand. Nevertheless, this article is centred in Jesus Christ as main character and hero. Hence, this article holds enough qualification to be called good theology.

Critical Thinking And Education Philosophy Essay

unfavourable sentiment And Education Philosophy EssayAfter providing a conceptual entry of pragmatism, sensibleity, objectivity, and the goals of schooling, a discussion of deprecative cerebration is made to present a concept of deprecative intellection which is 1) normative 2) comprising of skill, tycoon, and habits of mind and 3) acquiring gifted resources. To address the vagueness of the concept itself, this review lends itself to the work of Israel Scheffler and Harvey Siegel, in align to yield a defensible proposal on how faultfinding persuasion lav be inf go ford inside the facts of lifeal broadcast. lively intellection as an educational aimThe current interest go forthd on lively thought in the education context is strong up-founded. Citing Scheffler, Combs (2009) stated that education should be centr every(prenominal)y concerned with underdeveloped keen-sightedity, groundsableness, and deprecative thought (p. 175). Moreover, Siegel (1988) provided the underlying principles on wherefore scathing thought essential(prenominal) be emphasized in young education. First, because the youth base up the crop of tomorrows leaders, the education system must(prenominal)(prenominal) enable them to develop detailed thinking as a dent towards a productive and rewarding life. Second, the increase of unfavorable thinking is viewed as a moral obligation of administrators and teachers to instill in students the ability to negotiate diverse views with respect and foster a climate of open-mindedness. Siegel thought that pr scourting students to critic anyy think was a form of oppression. Third, the thrust of vital thinking is lucid with the belief that rationality is key towards a productive life for all. Fourth, in line with Deweys thoughts on pragmatism, full of life thinking is a crucial particle of democratic citizenship.Scheffler further describes circumstantial thinking as an educational grand which would allow children to assess their beliefs, desires, actions, and their cognitive and non-cognitive emotions based on fascinate criteria or standards and estimable actor, and controld them in the captious dialogues that relate to every study of civilization (Scheffler, 1991, p. 64). Education should non only be aimed at the development of critical abilities, tho excessively at the development of the cognitive emotions and virtues, the critical attitude (Scheffler, 1991). Every educator must endeavor to ensure that all children blossom into critical intellects. sarcastic thinking is signifi bedt to the ethics, epistemology, content, and manner of education (Siegel, 1988). Its ramifications be broad in scope and pose serious implications to bon ton at large, non only to persons world educated. The key aspects of critical thinking include rational virtues (skills and dispositions to try in an impartial manner) and to deliberate with objectivity, even dis cyphering self-interest in the p assage. These elements argon indispensable to moral education (Scheffler, 1973). In science education, critical thinking ability helps students evaluate the faculty of reasons and the defensibility of arguments in order to evaluate which among competing paradigms or theories is best. Critical thinking is in like manner an indispensable aspect of the practical component of education. The skills and know-how of students which figure prominently into the curriculum wait critical thinking. Reading, spelling, and mathematics do non only require processual skills but the ability to apply criteria or good reasoning to precise domains of inquiry. While operative principles may be taught, students take critical thought to practice these skills effectively. Furthermore, in the context of teaching, critical thinking is rein thrustd by a teachers critical inwardness considered a principal obligation (Scheffler, 1973). In the context of teaching, good teaching requires educators to dev elop in students the skills and attitudes as describe in the two-component theory of critical thinking which volition be discussed afterwards (Siegel, 1988).Critical thinking a normative conceptThat critical thinking is a normative concept means that it is an educational ideal a goal that educators and administrators must strive to aim. It similarly means that critical thinking is considered generally pertinent in the educational realm. As an educational ideal, critical thinking is helpful in organizing the educational enterprise as well as set accusings of educational efforts. Mainly, critical thinking as a normative concept addresses the questions of 1) the purpose of education, and 2) the manner of education.Our basic concept of critical thinking is essentially a normative notion, i.e. that critical thinking is in some sense good thinking. It is the quality of the thinking, not the processes of thinking, which distinguishes critical from noncritical thinking. In addition to deciding how to describe critical thinking activities and standards, we need to decide the boundaries of critical thinking, i.e. what sorts of tasks we see critical thinking as encompassing. Critical thinking is sometimes contrasted with problem solving, decision fashioning, issue analysis and inquiry. toll such as problem solving and decision making set apart rather general kinds of thinking tasks. But, carrying out these tasks typically requires one to shuffle a number of judgments, and the thinking that leads to these judgments stomach either fulfill pertinent standards of good thinking. One may solve a problem in a critical or an uncritical manner. So, problem solving, decision making, etc., atomic number 18 best seen as argonnas in which critical thinking should take place rather than as early(a)(a) kinds of thinking to be contrasted with critical thinking.Critical thinking draws from rationality and reasonableness as fundamental concepts (Scheffler, 1982). However, c ritical thinking is considered not only an element of rationality but an aspect which co-exists with it (Siegel, 1997). As such, critical thinking may be considered an educational cognate of rationality since it emphasizes both on beliefs and actions (p. 2). By this comment alone, we gage consider the critical thinker as an individual who is do by reasons both in thought and action. Siegels reasons conception consists of two components reason legal opinion and critical spirit the former deals with the epistemic realm of reasons while the latter focuses on the motivational realm. This theory merits additional discussion.The two-component theory of critical thinking1. The reason sagacity componentSiegel considers the critical thinker as an individual possessing the skill and ability to evaluate reasons and arguments using logical or epistemic standards. Siegel ( evidence and Education, 1997) quoted Schefflers view that the critical thinker is not just being moved by reasons by by appropriate reasons (p. 20). What this means is that a critical thinker takes it within himself or herself the epistemic responsibility for this thoughts. To be appropriately moved by good reasons is to consciously accept and appreciate the sizeableness of having evidential force to justify thought and actions. In determine what standards are considered meritous, Scheffler (as cited in Siegel, Reason and Education, 1997) saidHowever, what reasons are appropriate is not fixed once and for ever. It depends on principles which themselves are the result of evolving traditions and may be different for various domains. there are no fixed foundations. The most fundamental presupposition underlying Schefflers epistemology and philosophy of education is the possibility of rational evaluation of principles of rationality. (p. 21)While the acceptability of reasons is not fixed, Schefflers (1973) epistemology of rationality warrant reasons to be consistent, impartial, and non-arbitrary. Cri tical thinking acknowledges that universal and objective principles give up a binding force, but subject to evaluation. The principle-based voice of critical thinking is what gives it its normative character. Critical thinking is not merely a cognitive mental process but a mental process that meets epistemic criteria, separated by good and bad reasons. An individual who thinks critically is one who is able to evaluate reasons and as accredited whether prospective reasons are good or bad based on their evidential force and in light of standards or criteria.Siegel (1988, 1997) and other theorists who support critical thinking categorize the principle of reasons of judging into 1) general (subject-neutral), 2) principles (context-bound) and 3) subject-specific. There are debates on whether reasons assessment should be based on the generalist or the specifist view and to what period reasons can be considered general or specific. As far as Siegel is concerned, the subject-specific c riteria overlook the blurring of boundaries between genres and must be debunked. Siegel proposes that while there may be different criteria, the epistemologies operating are more or slight similar. The more significant consideration for Siegel is how beliefs are justified based on good reasons and supported by universal but fallible standards. This could be interpreted as generalist or a form of contextualism because Siegel supports the assignment of good reasons across a range of contexts. Siegel (1997) elaboratesWe are entitled to regard these various criteria as appropriate criteria of reason assessment, and to appeal to them in order to establish or determine the goodness of putative reasons, only because they are sanctioned by a common epistemology a theoretical apprehensiveness of the nature of reasons, according to which putative criteria are recognizable as appropriate criteria of reason assessment. (p. 32)The point Siegel tries to make is that although various groups may have their avouch standards to judge whether reasons are good or bad, they are still governed by common epistemology for justification across different contexts.Furthermore, one question is if emotions are relevant to reasons assessment. Scheffler (2010) described the role of emotions in reasoning, showing how the rational passions establish to critical thinking. Inquiry is not a dispassionate activity, disassociated from emotion. Rather, people can be very emotionally committed to the search for truth and bursting charge passionately that the outcome of an inquiry be the best justified. much(prenominal) rational passions as love of truth, repugnance of distortion and evasion, and respect for the arguments of others as well as emotions such as curiosity, surprise and the joy of verification (Scheffler 1991) all play a significant role in inquiry, and educational efforts should be directed to their development.In addition, emotions play an primary(prenominal) role in rational a ssessment in several focuss. One way is by confining and directing attention and rendering salient certain aspects of our experience. This likely has to do with connections established in the past between certain emotions and rational assessments. Such emotions can provide useful cues for future assessments, but their adequacy must be assessed through rational criteria.2. The critical spirit componentBecause critical thinking is, in our view, thinking in such a way as to fulfill relevant standards, it is the standards of good thinking that provide the criteria for determining what attributes are important for critical thinkers. If an attribute is required by persons in order to fulfill a standard of good thinking, or if it will significantly increase the chances that their thinking will fulfill such standards, it can legitimately be regarded as an attribute that should be fostered in a critical thinker.Having the intellectual resources necessary for critical thinking does not, by itself, make one a critical thinker. One must likewise have certain commitments, attitudes or habits of mind that dispose himor her to use these resources to fulfill relevant standards and principles of good thinking. Moreover, as Siegel (1988 9) points out, the critical thinkers tendency to ful l the standards and principles of good thinking cannot be mindless or simply the result of habituation. Rather, it must be based on a recognition of the value of critical thinking, i.e. its magnificence in fostering true belief and responsible action.Siegel recognizes that while reason assessment is a necessary condition for critical thinking, it is not a sufficient one. For example, a critical thinker may be furnished with the skill to evaluate reasons but not be pre abandoned to use it. Moreover, it is not enough that a critical thinker is capable of assessing the probative force of reasons the critical thinker should also be inclined to look out good reasons and disposed to question w hether or not view reasons fit epistemological criteria. Hence, for a person to become a critical thinker, he or she must be able to habitually engage in reason assessment. In addition, a person must also have a complexity of attitudes, dispositions, character traits, and habits of mind or what Siegel refers to as the critical spirit.Siegels conception of the critical spirit means that critical thought is not a product merely of skill but also of character and motivation. The critical thinker then not only value the use of good reasons and evidentiary power in judgment or deliberation, he or she must also be willing and motivated to evaluate those reasons based on consistent, impartial and non-arbitrary criteria. In other words, the critical spirit is the life force of reasons. The critical spirit motivates and guides a critical thinker in action and belief-formation. Siegel (1997) considers that having reason assessment ability as well as the critical spirit are significant are in dividually and jointly sufficient requirements for a person to become a critical thinker.In defense of the critical spirit component, Siegel (1997) enumerates some of the traits that may figure into a complex of dispositions, attitudes, habits of mind, and character traits (p. 35) found in the critical thinkerdispositions to seek reasons and evidence in making judgments respect for the importance of reasoned judgment and for truth a rejection of partiality, arbitrariness, special pleading, wishful thinking, and other obstacles to the proper exercise of reason assessment and reason judgment habits of reason seeking and evaluating, engaging in the fairminded and non-self-interested consideration of such reasons.(pp. 35-36)On the other hand, Scheffler (2010) also describes the critical thinker as disposed to the following traits objectivity, consistency, penetrative aversion to contradiction, repugnance of error, disgust at evasion, love of reason, love of truth, and wonderment of th eoretical achievement.That character is indispensable in the formation of the critical thinker has been criticized (Missimer, 1990). The so-called character view espoused by Siegel is said to run in contradiction to the contributions of the worlds greatest thinkers. The intellectual greats such as Marx, Rousseau, Bacon, Freud, Russell, Newton, and Feynmann lacked many of the traits which the character view holds to be necessary for critical thinking. Marx was considered anti-Semitic Newton was loth(predicate) to criticism of his work Rousseau and Fenymann were venal and rude to people who espoused incorrect ideas Freud was a hothead and Russell lied about his support for the U.S. nuclear program (Missimer, 1990, pp. 146-147). Accordingly, Siegels definition would not make the greatest intellectuals history has ever known critical thinkers.Critical thinking as identity constitution and self-sufficiencyBecause critical thinking is fundamental educational ideal, Siegel (1997) conside rs it crucial in identity constitution. Critical thinking develops not only out of honing reasoning ability but also cultivating a motivational complex to create character disposed to the critical spirit. Character traits are fostered which constitute the critical spirit component, making up the traits of a particular type of person or identity. Thus, developing critical thinking entails no less than the formation of a certain identity. In the context of education, young people must be taught not only how to think critically, but more importantly, how to be critical thinkers. Therefore, making critical thinking a constitutive ideal is to propose for educational programs which focus on character-formation in support of critical thinking.Equally important to the concept of critical thinking is self-sufficiency. Aside from critical thinking being coexisting with rationality, autonomy also figures into the same educational ideal. Siegel (1988) considered the importance of autonomyIf we accept critical thinking as a fundamental educational ideal, we explicitly acknowledge the desirability of the attainment by students of self-sufficiency and autonomy . . . The critical thinker must be autonomous-that is, free to act and judge independently of external constraint, on the basis of her own reasoned estimate of the matter at hand. (p. 54)Autonomy is a state characterized by self-government. equal to critical thinking, autonomy is also identity-constitutive in the sense that it makes up a certain type of person. Educators should strive in order to develop students who are autonomous agents. Autonomy is necessarily aligned with rationalityThis aspect of the educational ideal of rationality aligns it with the complementary ideal of autonomy , since a rational person will also be an autonomous one, capable of judicial decision for herself the justifiedness of candidate beliefs and the legitimacy of candidate values. (p. 56)An autonomous person is one who makes his or h er own choices by evaluating them rationally and critically. Siegel (1988) expresses that choosing is not enough for autonomy to surface. A student must be a competent chooser and not subservient to conditions or standards he or she accepts uncritically. Also, a person can be a proto critical thinker because he or becomes slave to reason without having the necessary motivation to propel critical thought.Autonomy, then, requires not only independence in the execution of the action but also with respect to the motivation behind the action. For autonomy to be present, there must also be autonomy in the feelings, emotions, evaluation, or restructuring of principles. Autonomy must exist not only in relation to the reason assessment component of critical thinking but also on the critical spirit component.

One Country Two Systems Problems

One Country devil Systems ProblemsBingyan XuOne Country, Two Systems Promises and ProblemsEver since September 26, 1984, when Communist China and Britain reached an musical arrangement to eitherow mainland China to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, wholeness country, cardinal trunks has been promoted by Deng Xiaoping as a solution to the reunion problem. He suggested that within the unified Peoples res publica of China, the mainland practices socialism, while the current capitalist system of mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau will remain unchanged.Through an in-depth analysis of the 1 country, 2 systems, I am going to explore these questions in this paper what is the origin and mathematical operation of the insurance of? What be the essential features that the policy has promised? In practice, what problems have surfaced so far? How did the policy impact and change Hong Kong bon ton?Origin conceptualization of the PolicyHistorically, Chinas major concern reg arding national reunification had non been Hong Kong just Taiwan. In fact, since Hong Kong provided an opportunity for unofficial contacts with the government of the Republic of China (ROC), the Peoples Republic of China (PRC)s policy had been to keep Hong Kong as it was until the Taiwan issue was resolved. The concept of one country, twain systems emerged in the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committees on celestial latitude 15, 1978. While speaking about the work related to Taiwan, Deng Xiaoping proposed a third round of Kuomintang-CPC cooperation to bring about reunification of the country (Qing). gibe to him, Taiwans socio-economic system, lifestyle and foreign investment will remain unchanged and its military will expire topical anesthetic armed forces. After that, in an interrogate with a Xinhua correspondent on September 30, 1981, Ye Jianying, the chairman of National Peoples Congress, expatiate on the policy more specifically. He proposed nine guarantees, including the idea that Taiwan could be a special administrative zone after reunification, maintaining its throw army and enjoying a high degree of autonomy, with three no-changes guaranteed for Taiwan (Wei).press by Britain to make a decision on Hong Kong, China reversed its priorities. The PRC government opinionated to reunite with Hong Kong first and used it as an experiment for the policy if it was successful, Taiwan would be attracted. In a raised deliver with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in September 1982, Deng publicly presented the one country, two systems concept and considered it to be applicable to Hong Kong (Ching 7). As such, the full b down in the mouthup of the concept took place during the Sino-British negotiations on the constitutional status of the British small town of Hong Kong after 1997.2. Procedure Promises of the Communist Party of China (CPC)The Sino-British Joint promulgation was signed by the PRC and the unify Kingdom on December 19, 1984 in Beijing. In the Joint Declaration, the Chinese government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom government declared that it would restore Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997 (Wei). A new special administrative region (SAR) government found on the staple fibre Law is established, and the scheme of one country, two systems became a reality.When the sovereignty over Hong Kong is formally is transferred to China, the CPC has made several promises to Hong Kong hoi polloi in the Joint Declaration and the elemental Law. First and foremost, the CPC has promised a highly egotism-reliant SAR in which Hong Kong peck will prescript over Hong Kong. Secondly, a public suffrage with democratic procedures is promised in the Basic Law.The implication of the one country, two systems is that the PRC will run its affair without Hong Kongs interference, and that Hong Kong will not run its affairs without Beijings interference. Due to the three promises above, Hong Kong people thought that they could have a democratic system of government self-supporting from that of PRC.3. Outcome Problems of the PolicyUnderstandably, to the extent that their envisioned futures differ, the CPCs leaders fascinate may not be shared by the people of Hong Kong what the CPC wants is a stable and prosperous Hong Kong under its rule, but the people of Hong Kong require to rule over Hong Kong on their own. The CPC emphasizes one country, while the Hong Kong people stress two systems. Therefore, the main problem surfaces one country increasingly overweighs two systems.By looking at the three branches of the government of Hong Kong, we pile cover that the CPC has successfully contained Hong Kong. In the decision maker branch, the Chief Executive and principal officials of HKSAR government are indirectly appointed by CPC, though nominally the chief executive is elected by a select ion committee of 1200 people. In the legislative Council of Hong Kong, sole(prenominal) a half(a) seats were popularly elected, with the other half directly appointed by CPC. In the judicial branch, CPC has tamed the tourist court of Final Appeal with the reinterpretation of the National Peoples Congress (NPC). fit to Yuens discussion of NPCs interpretative power over the Basic Law, there is no residual power on the part of Hong Kong to jell or interpret any points not clearly stipulated by the Basic Law.The reason why these problems surfaced when the policy was put into use is the controversial and wavelike nature of the one country, two systems. First, it proposes to have a capitalist local system operating under the administration of a communist of import government. According to Chien-Min Chao, Peking has stated that the dialectical principle of the unity of contradictions is the basic and most important objective theoretical source of one country, two systems (110) howe ver, the CPC neglected, or chose to neglect the predictable outcome of the policy at this point. Second, the policy is uneven because the two systems are unequal in size and status. Thus, it is predestined for Hong Kong to be overwhelmed by China in the normal course of development.4. concern Hong Kongs personal identityNow after seventeen years, people may wait whether the implementation of one country, two systems has been successful. Proved by the outcomes, the one country, two systems has certainly brought a number of changes to Hong Kong society, which might seem prosperous to the CPC but disastrous to Hong Kong people. Applying the three-layer model to analyze the social changes, we can clearly see another inefficient part of the policy. It is suggested by the model that the society can be divided into three layers from outside to inside instrument, institution and heathenish core. In the case of the one country, two systems, the policy apparently brought submissive and i nstitutional changes to Hong Kong society but the core value has never been changed. afeared(predicate) of being assimilated, Hong Kong society felt a need to maintain its speciality from the rest of China. For example, when the HKSAR government decided to change the teaching language of all public secondary schools from English to Chinese after two months of reunification, Hong Kong society reacted strongly against the this decision. Chan illustrates their reason as the English language is a figure of Hong Kong people, and distinguishes them from their mainland counterparts. To maintain this distinction, Hongkongers fought to retain their right to learn in English (282).Furthermore, Hong Kong peoples strong self-identity is reflected from the survey data and their attitude to mainland Chinese. Figure 1 shows that more than 50% people identified themselves as only Hong Konger from 1990 to 2012. Notably, the lines of only Chinese and only Hong Konger are getting closer to each oth er. It is not sufficient to prove the growing identity of only Chinese in Hong Kong society, but it shows the immigration wave from mainland to Hong Kong due to the relaxed policy. Hong Kong people always show an angry regionalism toward this kind of issue. When they see any unciviled behavior of Chinese, they will smear them with remarks as Chinese dog go back to your kennel. Sadly, because Hong Kong is instantaneously legally an undeniable part of China, no matter how strong their self identity is, Hong Kong people are unable to speak out their own voice on the world stage.Fig. 1, 1990-2012 (%), Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies of Chinese University of Hong Kong, 20135. ConclusionIn short, the policy of one country, two systems has been adopted by the CPC to resolve the reunification problem of Hong Kong. The policy has worked for the purpose of recovering Hong Kong from the British. Yet, since the CPC fails to realize most of their promises, a number of practical prob lems originated from the policy are still needed to be solved. As a city that prides itself on freedom, the rule of law and low corruption, Hong Kong now faces a difficult road ahead. The feeble state of land in Hong Kong is only one part of a grim picture. As Hong Kong increasingly begins to resemble just another mainland city, it seems a destiny for Hong Kong to become a global backwater.Works CitedChan, Elaine. Beyond Pedagogy Language and Identity in Post-colonial Hong Kong. British Journal of Sociology of Education 23.2 (2002) 271-85. Print.Chao, Chien-Min. One Country, Two Systems A Theoretical Analysis. Asian Affairs 14.2 (1987) 107-24. Web.Ching, Frank. Hong Kong and China One Country, Two Systems? sore York Foreign Policy Association, 1996. Print.Qing, pilar cyst. One Country, Two Systems The Best Way to serene Reunification. Beijing Review 1990 n. pag. Print.Wei, Da-yeh. The Formulation and Development of One Country, Two Systems. Wen Wei Po Hong Kong 20 Dec. 1984 n. p ag. Print.Yuen, Samson, and Kitty Ho. Hong Kong Two Systems, One Country? The Diplomat. N.p., 08 Mar. 2014. Web.

Anysys Fluent Simulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering Essay

Anysys still dissimulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering EssayThe characteristics of peregrine commingle with sudden amplification in a 12 diameter proportionality subway system be investigated exploitation ANSYS silverish. Results show melted re-circulates just after elabo come outness, length of recirculation zone approximates to 0.35m. Velocity, uplift intensity and insistency vary on pipe length in accordance with Bernoullis principle. Influence of change in turbulence exemplifications on the true is also investigated with the Reynolds Stress mould providing the comparatively best fit although other turbulence feignings ( tangible k- and SST k-) provide reasonably stuffy fitting rides. Results were checked for enlist independence and validated.Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) involves figuringal simulation of fluid lights in different situations employing numerical root word of basic issue equatings e.g. the continuity equation and other equations ov er a discretized social unit reference (Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007). The usage of CFD transcends the traditional electron orbit of chemical engineering profession into wider areas such as oceanography, biomedical engineering electrical circuitry, etc (Fairweather, 2011). choppy expansion in pipes involves fluid function from a smaller hydraulic diameter to a larger one. Flow separation usually chances in a sudden expansion scenario, where a part of the fluid flows in opposition to the main fluid flow. This are called eddies, and are strong contributors to the irreversibility of practical flows as energy is dissipated by this eddies. Thus it is of great consequence to be able to homunculus eddies in a sudden expansion flow adequately and observe the characteristics of this recirculation zone (efluids, 2011 Gharegbagi and Ali, 2011 Mahmud, 2011 Roy, et al 2010).Sudden expansion is a simple looking but intriguing side of fluid flow in pipes. Sanmiguel-Rojas (2010) implies that not m all significant studies have been make on instabilities en dealered in steady, dissolute, sudden expansion fluid flow with love to spatial structure of piping with D2/D1 = 2. However, previous remarkable work in this field includes Roy, et al (2010) and Mansoori and Bazargan-Lari (2007).Examples of scenarios in which the preceding(prenominal) phenomenon occurs include Flows into a tank, rock oil drilling and extraction, plug flow reactors, combustion engines, aerodynamics, etc.SoftwareANSYS still is a commercial CFD package that standards flow via the finite-volume method (a variation of the finite deflexion method) created by the company Fluent (now part of ANSYS Inc.). Pre-processing of the case translate (meshing) was done on Gambit which comes along with Fluent (now ICEM). The version of Fluent employed in this report is 12.1 (CFD-online, 2011 Weidner, 2011 ANSYS, 2009).This report covers the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) modelling of troubled flow with sudden expansion in a 1 2 diameter piping, victimization the pressure ground solver and the second come in upwind difference scheme in ANSYS Fluent. Effects of changes in turbulence models on numerational time, and accuracy would be examined, visual p sets would be apply to describe and analyse modelling results.SIMULATION METHODOLOGY build 1 diagrammatic representation of simulation process (Fairweather, 2011)Nature of Fluid flow under considerationCalculating the Reynolds number of the flow helps to determine the temperament of the flow. At Normal Temperature and pressure (P = 101.325 kgm-2, T = 288.16 K)Generally it is accepted that flows with a Reynolds number (Re) 4000 are turbulent in nature. Therefore it is established that the flow under consideration is a turbulent flowReynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS)RANS involves the time averaging of the equations that govern turbulent fluid flow to thugture information on variations that occur on a minute scale while a voiding horrendously lengthy computation times. RANS represents variations as a mean such that and PRANS is employed in obtaining the equations that were numerically solved in this report assuming constant swiftness and viscous flows (Fairweather, 2011).GeometryThe geometry consists of two pipes of diameter ratio 12 fall in together through which fluid flows with no bends as shown belownumber 2 geometry of pipe showing mesh grid/mesh discretizationGoverning EquationsContinuity equationMomentum equation (x-direction only)Where TURBULENCE MODELS manageable k- modelThe k- model is a two equation model that assumes a linear relationship between Reynolds stress and estimate of strain. It has the advantages of fast computation time, wide usage and extensive organisation. However, it predicts badly the length of eddies for complex flows. The realizable k- model is an update to the model based on observed strengths and weaknesses of the sample k- model (Fairweather, 2011 ANSYS, 2009).Below is a mathematical representation of the regular k- modelWhere = k or S=source term for k or Sk= G- (production rate of k-destruction rate of k) S= (C1G-C2)(/k) = (production rate of k-destruction rate of k)N.B. for this simulation andSST k- modelThe k- model is also a two equation model based on the Wilcox k- model. It is sui board for skirt bounded flows and free shear flows as it performs low Reynolds number corrections, computation time is relatively fast and accuracy is better than the k- model in most cases. is specific dissipation rate and is analogous to a ratio of /k. The SST k- model is an improved version of the standard k- model (ANYSYS, 2009).Reynolds Stress ModelThis is a very rigorous model, with heptad equations unlike the preceding 2-equation models. It provides more(prenominal) accuracy where other models are awry(p) e.g. impinging flows and can predict fluid flow for a lot of cases closely without any dedicated / individual adjustments. Howev er, computing woos are large (Fairweather, 2011)The first six equations of the RSM model can be condensed into the equation belowWhere The seventh equation (turbulence dissipation rate) isN.B. in this simulation andnumeric methodsThe discretization employed is the finite volume method. It is a variant of the finite difference method. This scheme splits up the domain into discrete correspond volumes over which the control equations are resolved using a truncated Taylor series expansion. impermanent volume method is the most established of Discretization schemes in CFD modelling. Convective fluxes were evaluated with the second lay upwind-difference scheme (Fairweather, 2011 Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007).Boundary conditions dishearten 1 enclosure conditions for numeric resultant role (adapted from Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007)Realizable k- modelSST k- modelReynold Stress modelInletk = 0.01148438 m2s-2 = 0.02888982 m2s-3k = 0.1148438 m2s-2= 27.95085Rij = =OutletInterio rk = 0 = 0k = 0 = 0Rij = 0 = 0Wallslaw of the wall righteousness of the wallWall functionsConvergence criteria and levelsFor all the equations solved by for each one model, a uniform convergence criterion of 1.0 x 10-4 was used for both equation solved. The measure represented an informed compromise between delightful accuracy and realistic computation time (ANYSYS, 2009). It is worthy of note that for the RSM model, this relatively stringent criterion caused the number of iterations to exceed 14,000 without any obvious procession in results as shown in fig 2. Therefore a cap of 4,000 iterations was placed on the RSM calculations. Results show there was no ensuing controvert impact on accuracy of numerical solution. figure of speech 3 grummet length for RSM model showing run Independence testThe table below shows that results from the modelling experiment are similar and essentially the comparable within three (3) decimal places of precision irrespective of mesh sizing employed. Also since assurance of mesh independence cannot be guaranteed by absolute reduction in cell surface (Sloan et al, 1986), an attempt was made at adaptive meshing to attenuate important flow variations and phenomenon with the same results obtained.Table 2 power system/Mesh independence of simulationGambit Mesh/Grid sizeVolume of unit cellsMass flow rate at inlet kgs-1Mass flow rate at Pressure-outlet kgs-1 faultPercentageDifference (%)5439,9930.0168099440.016809996-5.22E-083.09 x 10-47163,3110.016784670.0167845511.19E-077.08 x 10-41055,1820.0167289940.0167292042.1E-071.255 x 10-310b100,6930.0167289940.016728895-9.9E-085.9 x 10-41516,7500.0166090190.016608695-3.24E-071.95 x 10-3N.B. 10 b instrument mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh added (adaptive meshing)Grid optimization (Mesh finesse Vs Time trade off)The greater the volume of unit cells in grid per geometry, the better the accuracy of numeric outline. However, within the scope of grid independence, results are relatively uniform irrespective of mesh size. The cost of finesse of grid is computation time could be noticed with the case of mesh size 5 (439,993 cells) which took almost forever to compute using the RSM model and had to be terminated. Thus mesh 10 (55,182 cells) and 10b (100,693 cells) were employed for analysis with other mesh sizes serving as validation checksRESULTS AND ANALYSIS straggle 1Taking a close look at flow close to the walls of the pipe, we see the effect of sudden expansion resulting in backflowing of fluid creating velocities in the opposite direction (red box). Recirculation zone is approximately 0.37m in length. We also can see how the fluid adjust to changes in geometry with a sharp rise stop number to fill the voids created by liquid locomote backwards then a gradual decrease as pressure pile us towards the exit of the pipeFig 4 stop number variation along length of pipe close to the walls showing personal effects of recirculationFig 6 shows the variation in turbulence intensity. It can be seen that the flow becomes more turbulent around the recirculation zone with dead (stagnant) flow occurring just at the corners of the pipe. Fig 7 displays the total pressure variations in the pipe. It can be noted that sudden expansion causes a expel in total fluid pressure. Fig 8 shows the radial tire swiftness and visibleness. It can be noted that stop number variation in the radial direction is minimal, which is typical of plug fluid flow depicted by fig 5. Fig 9 is a streamline plot of axile velocity, velocity variation along the axial direction is more rife than in the radial direction, also worthy of note is the length of the recirculation zone (black box) and the reattachment zone.Fig 5 stages of flow development at different positions on pipe lengthFig 6 Turbulence intensity profile of fluid along length of pipeFig 7 amount pressure profile of fluid along length of pipeFig 8 Radial velocity profile of fluidFig 9 streamline plot of a xial velocity of fluidPart 2Fig10(a-c) shows axial velocity profiles for different turbulent models in order of change magnitude complexity (realizable k- SST k- RSM). Curves get smother showing a more gradual response of the fluid to changes and also approach exact solution, as model complexity summations. However, all the essential features of the fluid flow are hale represented by all models.Fig 11(a-c) displays turbulence intensity variations, more variation details are captured as model increases in complexity. exemplary of note is that the SST k- model provides a more detailed picture of turbulent intensity variation in reference to the other models picking up intensities as low as 5.42 x 10-5 %, while the realizable k- picks up a minimum of 0.336% and RSM 1.45%Fig 12(a-c) shows streamline plot of axial velocity, though length of recirculation zone remains approximately the same the representation of velocity magnitude in recirculation zone varies visibly for each model. Fig 13(a-c) is the radial velocity profile the SST model indicates larger radial velocities along pipe length than both than both the realizable k- and the RSM models. For all models radial velocity variation is dominated by axial velocity variationsFig 10a k- modelFig 10b SST modelFig 10c RSM modelFig 11a k- modelFig 11c RSM modelFig 11b SST modelFig 12a k- modelFig 12b SST modelFig 12c RSM modelFig 13a k- modelFig 13b SST modelFig 13c RSM modelVALIDATION OF RESULTSFor CFD, convergence of numerical iterations does not really count for much as Versteeg and Malalasekra (2007) put it results are at best as good as the physics embodied in it, or at worst as good as the skill of the operator. Thus, validation of results becomes extremely important. The results obtained herein would be validated thusBernoullis equationFor an ideal fluid flow Bernoullis equation enables us to calculate the velocity at any point in the pipe (assuming constant flow rate, and negligible corrasion losses). Therefore we can validate output velocity from smooth-spoken using this principle (Roymech, 2011).Where vin = 1.73855 ms-1, P1= 101.325 kgm-2, P2= 101.325 kgm-2, g = 9.81 ms-2 =1.225 kgm-3 z1 = 0.1m z2 = 0.1mThereforeMass flux variation results from FluentThe third mechanism for validation will be the CFD package fluent itself. Analysis of the computation results as presented in table 4.0, show that value of delusions resulting residuals is very low (less than 0.0095%) indicating conservation of mass during numerical calculations which lend recognise to suitability and accuracy of model.Table 3 comparison of percentage error of each modelMODEL/mesh volumeK-EPSILON (%)SST K-OMEGA (%)REYNOLD STRESS (%)50.0003090.00352N/A70.0007080.0044683630.000673233100.0012550.0078670.00112410 b0.0001530.002580.001488150.001950.0007830.00927N.B. 10 b means mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh addedResearch journalsIn addition to the above validation processes, the results of modelling experimen t reported in this work were compared with previous inquiry works such as (Roy, et al 2010), (Mansoori and Bazargan-Lai 2007) and (Teyssandiert, 1973). Results obtained corroborated foregoing analysis and results obtained it the above mentioned papers.CONCLUSIONIn summary, CFD modelling of sudden expansion flow in a 12 diameter ratio piping posses the pastime characteristics.Sudden expansion in pipe flow results in local anesthetic pressure lossesFlow fully develops into plug flow earlier exit at outlet and majority of the variations occur axially along reactor lengthRecirculation of fluid occurs after sudden expansion for a lengthspan of approximately 0.35m along pipeViscous effects along wall boundaries help dissipate energy of turbulent eddiesThe realizable k- model predicts the size and strength of recirculation zone poorly, but as flow develops into plug flow, the models accuracy remarkably improves with reference to the other models tested.Turbulence models become better wi th increase in complexity of model from k- to SST k- to RSM. Ability of other models to better the k- model in recirculation zone prediction can be attributed to embedded corrections for boundary layer flow, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rates.

Goodrich-Rabobank Interest Rate Swap Essay -- Economics Economy Essays

Goodrich-Rabobank sake Rate Swap1. How large should the discount (X) be to drop this an hypnotic weed for Rabobank?2. How large must the annual fee (F) be to make this an attractive deal for Morgan Guaranty?3. How small must the combination of F and X be to make this an attractive deal for B.F. Goodrich?4. Is this an attractive deal for the savings banks?5. Is this a deal where everyone wins? If not, who drop offs?IntroductionPlayers Morgan Bank, Rabobank, and B.F. Goodrich, Salomon Brothers,Thrift Institutions and Saving BanksGoodrichIn early 1983, Goodrich needed $50 million to fund its ongoingfiscal needs. However, Goodrich was reluctant to borrow (short termdebt) from its committed bank lines because of the following reasons1. It would lose substantial about of its remaining short term capital accessibility under its bank lines.2. It would compromise its future flexibility by borrowing in the short term.Instead, it wanted to borrow for an 8 year swear (or longer) at a ameliorate rate.However, since the general level of avocation place were pretty high,and Goodrich?s credit ratings had dropped from BBB to BBB-. Goodrichbelieved that it would have to pay 13% interest for a 30 yearcorporate debenture.Salomon Brothers had advised Goodrich that they could borrow in the USpublic debt market with a floating rate debt payoff tied to the LIBOR,and then swap payments with Euro market bank that had raised capital inthe fixed-rate Eurobond market. watch The reason that Salomon were confident that this could be doneis exposit as follows1. There was a recent deregulation of pay back markets had allowed deposit institutions to offer n... ...% - (x1+11.2%) = 1.3%-x1.7. From (2), and (5) Rabobank saves the following amount in semiannual interest payments LIBOR ? 1/8% - (LIBOR ?x2) = x2 ? 1/8%.8. For this deal to occur, Rabobank, Morgan, and Goodrich must profit thence the following also must be truea. (x1-x2)= F where 37.5 F 8 (footnote 2 o n page 362).b. 130 ? x1 0 i.e. 130 x1c. X2 ? 12.5 0 i.e. x2 12.5 take for granted that x2 = 20 basis, and x1 = 100 basis. We can conclude thefollowingGoodrich pays a fixed interest of 11.2% + 1% = 12.2% a savings of 20basis points (after traffic costs).Rabobank saves a total of 2% - 1.8% = 20 basis points.And Morgan collects 2% - 1.25% = 75 basis points in fee, in additionto the $125,000 one time fee.Note The total savings that this deal provides as a result of theswap is 5 + 20 + 75 = 100 basis points.

Essay --

The Physics of the Mangonel CatapultCatapults have been apply for centuries by legion(predicate) groups of people, including the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. Catapults have had an assortment of plans, but the most commonly purpose was to launch a projectile to destroy castles and soldiers. There were three master(prenominal) types of slingbacks Ballista, Mangonel, and the Trebuchet. The catapult was the most popular one. Different levels of torsion in the leash of the bricole catapult decided how far a projectile was acquittance to travel. Also the dissimilar objects that were utilised as projectiles and there masses also had a big role in the distance they would reach. If physics werent applied to building a catapult the catapult itself wouldnt dish out correctly, therefore physics is what brings these machines to life. Though catapults are no longer used today in combat or any other use they still have a great history behind them.The onager catapult was the m ost well known one. The way this catapult functioned was by pulling back on a wooden place that was machine-accessible to a wooden offset with a bucket, would pull that arm back. puff back on the wooden stick would cause the potential cogency of the catapult to be stored in the torsion of the ropes of the wooden arm. When the wooden stick was let go the arm wood immediately return to its headmaster position of 90 degrees where a wooden block would stop its sham and would then launch the projectile. When the arm reaches back to its original position it forms an stem with a radius equal to the arm length. Therefore the potential strength is transferred into rotational kinetic energy. Decreasing the torsion in the ropes of the wooden arm would make the projectile travel at a slower velocity. To gauge the t... ...ed. Another disadvantage is that the mangonel was not that accurate. The range was determined by the mass of the object and the strength of the catapult itself. Ca tapults were the weapon of the medieval times. The catapults had umteen purposes especially during war. Physics were applied to the building of a catapult without it the catapult wouldnt function. The different levels of torsion would affect the catapults ability to launch a projectile higher into the sky, further, and give it a faster velocity. Also the different masses of objects used as the projectile were also accounted for those things. Though the mangonel catapult was a great catapult it also lacked some abilities, such as having poor accuracy and it wouldnt work in tight conditions or cold weather like in the rain. Overall the mangonel is a great catapult and always has been over the past centuries.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay examples -- Shelley Frankenstein Ess

Mary Shelleys FrankensteinMary Shelleys, Frankenstein, was written during a consummation of dramatic revolution. The failed French Revolution and Industrial Revolution seriously control the novel with hints of moral and scientific revolution. Through Frankenstein, Shelley sends out a wee-wee message that morally irresponsible scientific development can relax a monster that can destroy its creator.Upon beginning the creation process, master Frankenstein uses the scientific advances of others to infiltrate the role of genius. The modern masters promise real little.. But these philosophers .. have indeed performed miracles.. They penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she work in her hiding-places. They ascend into the heavens they have discovered how the blood circulates, and the nature of the air we breath. They have acquired novel and almost unlimited powers they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world of its o wn shadows(47).Frankenstein sees these innovations as overpowering and substantially giving humans the power of god. Frankenstein believes that through these new scientific powers human kind would be served with a positive effect. unhealthiness could be banished and self glory could result. what glory would attend the discovery if I could banish disease from the human frame and render man entrenched to any but a violent death(40)Shelley characterizes Frankenstein as a modern a mad scientist...

How much more is Jane Eyre than just a piece of romantic fiction? :: Free Essay Writer

How much more is Jane Eyre than just a scrap of romantic simile?All the qualities of a distinctive romantic fiction are certainly found inJane Eyre. The usual qualities found in romances are a Hero andHeroine. They can have some strain between them before finallyfalling in love still something undertakes in their way, eventually they overcome all odds and get to be together in the intercept. Obviously Jane is theHeroine and Mr. Rochester is the Hero, and as in close to romances, thestory is told through the eyes of the Heroine.Jane Eyre starts off with Janes childhood to give up the reader toget to know Jane and sympathize with all her views and feelings. WhenJane runner moves to Thornfield house the romance starts. To build upthe tension for the reader Jane is at archetypical denying her feeling.it was rather a trial to appear thus formally summoned in Mr.Rochesters presenceIt is obvious to the reader what is going to happen and forbidthat Jane will not admit that she li kes him this is very typical of aromance.It follows on conforming to the romance stereotype when Jane admitsher feelings simply something gets in the way. At first this is BlancheIngram, Jane is convinced by things people have said that she is goingto espouse Mr. Rochester.And did I now think Miss Ingram such a choice as Mr. Rochester wouldbe likely to make?This is providing a barrier against them get together in thestraight forward way of just Blanche Ingram but she also stands torepresent looks and class. She is a lot prettier than Jane and thistests Mr. Rochester to see if he is the plenteous thinking man Jane thinkshe is. Also Jane is of a lot land class than Blanche Ingram and itwould have seemed strange at the time Jane Eyre was written for Mr.Rochester to chose Jane.This is pushed deflection and it seems like everything has started to goright for Jane. Then follows the clichd romantic twist. Janediscovers Mr. Rochesters wife.this gentlemans wife is still livingEverythin g falls by for Jane. She runs away and begins to start anew life till the end of the novel when Jane finds out Mr. Rochesterswife has died and they get married.My Edward and I indeed are happyAs in all romances it comes to the happy closure to make the readerfeel happy and satisfied.These were the ways in which Jane Eyre followed the typical romancepatterns for general romances. But there is much more to this novel.

Womens Rights in Pride and Prejudice & Persuasion by Jane Austen Essay

Are women allowed to say No,inPride and damage / panorama by Jane AustenPride and Prejudice (whose original title was frontmost Impressions) was written in 1796-1797 when Jane Austen was 21 years old and first create in 1813. It tells us the story of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy, who will overcome the pluck and prejudice they feel towards each other to find mutual happiness. Persuasion was written between 1815 and 1816. The main character, Anne Elliot, has suffered unhappiness after taking her familys and friends advice to reject a man she loves. The truth universally acknowledged in the opening lines of Pride and Prejudice that a adept man in possession of a good fortune mustiness be in want of a wife defines the plot of the novels and luxuriouslylights the sizeableness of marriage and of marrying well. It is Mrs Bennets business of life to get her flipper daughters married and in Persuasion it is in her role as permutation mother to Anne that Lady Russell has persuaded Anne to turn down a marriage she considers down the stairs her. Given this background, I have chosen to angle this essay towards a question that is also valid today, namely, are women allowed to say no?Austen writes of the gloomy gentry, the rural elite, and in considering this question, it is crucial to have an understanding of the prevailing friendly distinctions, the expectations for women of this class and the limited options available to them, as well as the heritage laws of the time.The rural elite of Austens novels are members of the upper middle-class. They are not the aristocracy (although Mr Darcy belongs to the aristocracy), but their connections and education give them the right to mix with high society, as well as to marry with people of h... ...vailing attitudes and inheritance laws, it would be considered perfectly normal, wise even, for women to enter into a marriage which was financially advantageous, although loveless, in order to ensure financial security fo r themselves and the other members of their family. In other words, it would be entirely normal for women not to be allowed to say no.BibliographyAUSTEN, Jane, Persuasion, Penguin Classics, 1998AUSTEN, Jane, Pride and Prejududice, Oxford Worlds Classics, 2004CRIPPEN RUDERMAN, Anne, The pleasures of Virtue, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1995MUKHERJEE, Meenakshi, women Writers, Macmillan, 1991FERGUS, Jan, Jane Austen A Literary Life, Macmillan Literary Lives, 1991WILTHSHIRE, John, recreating Jane Austen, Cambridge University raise, 2002York Notes Advanced, Longman York Presswww.sparknotes.comwww.pemberly.com

The School Voucher Debate Essay -- essays papers

The civilise Voucher DebateIn the teaching method community, few issues stir up as much debate as the notion of providing g overnment-funded aid, in the form of vouchers, to parents so that they may send their children to buck private schools. The voucher movement has been gaining momentum since Wisconsin implemented the first voucher weapons platform in 1990, but only few states have adopted such programs. Although the courts have upheld the constitutionality of vouchers, there is still a lack of consensus amongst the public over the issue. The underlying disagreements that surround the issue of vouchers revolve around three master(prenominal) controversies constitutionality, influence on student achievement, and impact on public schools. The cerebration of school choice is not a new one. Since the late eighties school choice has become a popular strategy for reforming American education and equalizing educational opportunities (Hadderman, 2002). School choice is a broad marches that is used to describe charter schools, home-schooling, for-profit companies, and vouchers. Parents who wish to select schools for their children do so for academic, religious, or moral reasons, and usually select schools that reflect their own beliefs. The sentiment of educational vouchers originated with Milton Friedman, known as the grandfather of vouchers, in the early 1960s. Friedman argued that vouchers would improve educational efficiency. Vouchers equal to the per-pupil expenditure in the public schools would be devoted to parents for the purpose of sending their child to whichever school they wished their child to attend, public or private. In the 1970s it was proposed that vouchers be used for students in poor districts to remediation unconstitutional school-funding inequiti... ... community, and will continue to be an issue as more programs develop around the country. ReferencesGood, T. L., & Braden, J. S. (2000). The great school debate Choice, vouchers, and charters. Mahwah, NJ L. Erlbaum Associates.Hadderman, M. (2002). Trends and issues School choice. Clearinghouse on educational policy and management. Retrieved March 7, 2005 from http//eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/index.htmlHanus, J. J., & Cookson, P. W., Jr. (1996). Choosing schools Vouchers and American education. Washington, D.C. American University Press.Reid, K. S. (2001, October 3). Poll finds support for vouchers wanes if public schools affected. Education Week, 21(5), 7. Retrieved February 27, 2005 from http//www.edweek.orgVouchers (2005). Education Week. Retrieved February 27, 2005 from http//www.edweek.org

The Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel Essay -- essays research papers

Author Elie WieselDo you see that chimney everyplace there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- thats where youre going to be taken. Thats your grave, over there. Havent you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, dont you understand anything? Youre going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes.The Holocaust lasted from 1939-1942. During these tough and traumatic years Hitler killed over 6,000,000 people, by and large Jews, but the retarded, homosexual, and handicapped were also murdered. But the Jews did make it th rocky these rough times. They survived only on courage, dreams, and hope.Before World War II, Elie Wiesel led an cut-and-dried life for a teenage Jew at the time. He went to synagogue and he went to school, (which at the time not many people went to), and that was a everyday day for him up until the Germans came and took them away to the concentration camps. He liked having broad discussion with a homeless person named Moshe. One day Moshe travel to a di fferent town. When he came back to Sighet, Transylvan...

An Analysis Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and Single Life, and Of Love :: Of Parents and Children Essays

An Analysis of Bacons Essays - Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and ace Life, and Of LoveOur newfangled terra firma was the endeavored dream of the medieval genius Sir Francis Bacon. In attempt to clutch his desired vision, Bacon displayed his convictions in the literary works, The Essays, which are intended to help new(a) people get ahead in life. Three of these essays Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and Single Life, and Of Love, are essays that unfurl common literary characteristics. In these essays Bacon utilizes logical thought, refinement of phrasing, and precepts. Simple logical thought is the basis and stability in writing. In Bacons essay, Of Parents and Children, I was spared of confusion through the clarity of the points, and surely a man sh completely see the noblest works and foundations have proceeded from childless men, which have seek to express the images of their minds. Bacons statement is very to the point. It is this simplicity that will capture su pportive commentary. In the commentary is where the writing may be more(prenominal) extravagant. But the simple logical thoughts Bacon applies, provides the cornerstone of his writing. The impressive, elegance of phrasing, eliminates the bore by adding quenching flavor. In Bacons essay, Of Marriage and Single Life, an intriguing relation adds spice, A single life doth well with churchmen for charity will simply water the ground where it must first fill a pool. The analogy is poetry in an informative essay. It impresses and tantalizes. It speaks visually in a world that loves to see. Elegance of phrasing in books allows enveloped reading. Cultured precepts in literature are proverbs we can apply in our lives. In Bacons essay, Of Love, at that place is a strong minded piece of advice, You may observe that amongst all the great and worthy persons, (whereof the memory remainth ancient or recent), there is non one that hath been transported to the mad degree of love, which shows that great spirits and great byplay do keep out of this weak passion. We live by what we learn. done learning we gather wisdom and knowledge and incorporate it in our lives.

Should We Have Dropped the Atomic Bomb? :: World War II History

Should We Have Dropped the Atomic Bomb?The nuclear bomb killed many innocent people, but it was necessary to end human being warfare II. After World War II began in 1939, chairwoman Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced the neutrality of the joined States. Many people in the United States thought that their country should stay step forward of the war. The people precious the associate Forces to have the victory. President Roosevelt also wanted an Allied victory because an axis vertebra victory might endanger democracies everywhere. The United States equipped nations fighting the axis of rotation with ships, tanks, aircraft, and early(a) war materials. The Axis did not like this. Japan wanted to take over mainland China, but China refused. China was led by Chiang Kai-Shek at the time. Japan wanted the United States to stop displace China supplies, but the United States refused. The United States opposed the expansion of Japan in Asia, so they cut off important exports to Japan. Ge neral Hideki Tojo was the Premiere of Japan. He and other Japanese leaders did not like the fact that Americans were sending war supplies to China and other countries in Asia. A surprise struggle was ordered by Japan on December 7, 1941. The target was the U.S. ocean base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 360 planes bombed the naval base killing slightly 3,000 people and destroying many warships, aircraft carriers, and submarines. This was a catalyst that brought the United States into World War II. Albert psyche predicted that mass could be converted into energy early in the century and was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in 1932. In 1939, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered that neutrons striking the element uranium caused the atoms to split apart. Physicists found out that among the pieces of a split atom were newly produced neutrons. These might encounter other uranium nuclei, caused them to split, and start a chain reaction. If the chain reactio n were restrain to a moderate pace, a new source of energy could be the result. The chain reaction could release energy rapidly and with explosive force. king of beasts Szilard, Eugene Wigner, and Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicists were frightened by the possibility that Germany might produce an atomic bomb. They insisted that Albert Einstein inform President Roosevelt about the possibility of the Germans making an atomic bomb. In late 1939 President Roosevelt ordered an American effort to make an atomic bomb before the Germans.

Stability for the Children Leaving the Foster Care System Essay

Twenty four thousand children each category age out of the treasure care system (Fowler, Toro and Miles 1454). Of that number to the highest degree half of them are African American, followed by Caucasian and then the opposite minorities. There are many problems facing these children that are orderd in the nurture care system. Of course the obvious is that they need a place to live while they are under the age of eighteen in any case that they need love and support from the people that are around them. another(prenominal) little known problem is that these youths face once they leave the foster care system many find themselves without a permanent house, accommodate that they can finally say that it is theres and no wholeness is going to take away from them. This paper will c everywhere over why this is a problem for them and some ideas from which we can try to confine some changes for the better. For years we have had a need to find housing for children that did not have any place to turn to. In youthful years our country has taken up the slack for doing this very thing. In the past these children were seen after by mostly Catholic orphanages forced into wakeless labor and even had to beg for the money, also called alms, so that they could have necessities. These places were firing by the priest and nuns that lived on the premises. Often these children had little food nurture or clothing to call their own. The orphanage that was in Galveston in the former(a) 1900s was run by 3 nuns and 2 priest to the 90 children that were housed their. evidently these children received very little quality time with any big(p) figure. Now a days it has gotten a little better, while they do not have many orphanages any more and they have been replaced with foster homes. Youths get more one on on... ...ouses than any other prevail in America. This has to have contributed to the high numbers of African Americans in the punishable system. Th ere absolutely need to be some more ethnical sensitivity awareness training on the part of not scarcely the Social Workers that advance the determination to remove these children from their homes, but also on the part of the government that oversee these different agencies so that this overrepresentation of this certain state will be reduced. The steps needed are classes that will make these workers more aware of what to expect upon entering these homes and how the people that they encounter my be different and how to decipher with more accuracy if the children really are in life threatening danger. All of these this will contribute to the overall rational and physical well being of these children entering and exiting the foster care system.

MacBeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth by William Shakespeare has trine characters that appear to be the best developed. The first is Macbeth, the main character of the story. The fleck roughly developed character is Lady Macbeth, Macbeths wife. The third most well developed is Banquo, Macbeths friend. Banquo and Lady Macbeth play very valuable roles in Macbeths life.Macbeth is plagued with paranoia and a thirst for power. Macbeth fears that Banquo has discovered his unclean custody and he forget turn him in. Our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared. Tis he much dares (III, 3, 53-56) Macbeth knows that he could wipe come forward Banquo on his own, however he knows there would be obvious consequences for him. And though I could with barefaced power sweep him from my sit and bid my will avouch it, yet I must not, for certain friends that are two his and mine (III, 1, 134-137) In order for Macbeth to wipe out Banquo without suspicion, he schemes to take a crap other men take care of the matter by persuade them that Banquo is at the heart of their problems. Know that it was he, in times past, which held you so infra fortune, which you image had been our innocent self. (III, 1, 84-86) Macbeths desire for power is his downf every(prenominal).The development of in all three characters stems from the prophecies of the Weird Sisters about Macbeth and Banquo. Macbeth feels the need to murder Banquo because of his knowledge of the witches and their prophecies. Were much(prenominal) things here that we do speak about? Or set out we eaten on the insane root that takes the reason pris unmatchedr (I, 3, 86-88) As a force of the prophecies Banquo suspects Macbeth of murdering the king in order to take his place. Thou hast it now King, Cawdor, Glamis, all as the weird women promised, and fear thou playst most foully fort (III, 1, 1-3) Banquo believes that his children and not Macbeths will be successors to the throne the thought of this moves Macbeth to murder. But that I myself should be the root an father of many kingswhitethorn they not be my oracles as well (III, 1, 5-9) Banquos death is a result of his knowledge.Lady Macbeth is the rock for Macbeth. During Macbeths times of trouble she is the one to console him. How now, my lord, why do you keep alone, of sorriest fancies your companions making, using those thoughts which should indeed have died with them they think on?

Interesting people in History: Bjork :: essays research papers

Bjrk initiatory came to prominence as one of the lead vocalists of the avant-pop Icelandic sextet the Sugarcubes, but when she launched a pilot career after the bases 1992 demise, she quickly eclipsed her old bands popularity. Instead of following in the Sugarcubes arty guitar rock pretensions, Bjrk immersed herself in dance and club culture, working with many of the biggest names in the genre, including Nellee Hooper, Underworld, and Tricky. Debut, her first solo effort (except for an Icelandic-only smash released when she was just 11 years old), non only established her new artistic direction, but it became an international hit, do her one of the 90s most unlikely stars.Though the title of Debut implied that it was Bjrks first-ever solo project, she had actually been a professional vocalist since she was a child. When she was in wide-eyed school in Reykjavik, she studied classical piano and, eventually, her teachers submitted a attach of her singing Tina Charles "I Lov e to Love" to Icelands Radio One. After "I Love to Love" was aired, a demonstrate label called Falkkin offered Bjrk a record contract. At the age of 11, her eponymous first album was released the record contained covers of several(prenominal) pop songs, including the Beatles "Fool on the Hill," and boasted artwork from her mother and guitar work from her stepfather. Bjrk became a hit indoors Iceland and was not released in any other country.Bjrks tuneful tastes were changed by the punk revolution of the late 70s in 1979, she formed a post-punk radical called Exodus and, in the following year, she sang in reparation 80. In 1981, Bjrk and Exodus bassist Jakob Magnusson formed Tappi Tikarrass, which released an EP, Bitid Fast I Vitid, on Spor subsequently that year it was followed by the full-length Miranda in 1983. Following Tappi Tikarrass, she formed the goth-tinged post-punk group KUKL with Einar Orn Benediktsson. KUKL released two albums, The Eye (1984) an d Holidays in Europe (1986), on Crass Records in front the band metamorphosed into the Sugarcubes in the summer of 1986.The Sugarcubes became one of the rare Icelandic bands to chip in out of their native country when their debut album, Lifes Too Good, became a British and American hit in 1988. For the next four years, the group maintained a successful cult following in the U.K. and the U.S. while they were stars within Iceland. During 1990, Bjrk recorded a set of jazz standards and originals with an Icelandic bebop group called Trio Gudmundar Ingolfssonar.

children Essay -- essays papers

childrenChildhood and the Treatment of ChildrenChildren entirely over the world are treated unalikely at different times, during different centuries. Some children are raised by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are come up taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The rest home that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all no sightly warm home, or no home at all no healthy food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to sour all day just to survive and get a exact bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time changes, people change sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. plain now, children are mistreated in other countries and even here in America. slash is left without parents to be raised by his sister. His sister, Mrs. Joe, is twenty eld older than Pip. She is raising Pip by upset, meaning she lays her hand on him whenever possible, which is all the time. Pip is treated very badly, but at least he has a friend who would stand up to him Joe is Mrs. Joe Gargerys husband. Joe wants Pip to have a good education even though he himself didnt have one, but Mrs. Joe, on the other hand, thinks its not a good idea and a waste of time. Pip does things like other kids do he plays, eats, and goes...

Serious Trauma :: Narrative Memoir Essays

Serious psychic traumaOn a boring Wednesday afternoon, I sat in a brightly lit CPR classroom listening to the instructor drone pipe on and on. I began to wonder if I would ever actually penury to use these skills. I highly doubted it. The past two years I reserve worked at the little-kid-infested North Fork Swimming Pool, where there have been absolutely no emergencies. A bloody nose or a stubbed toe here or there but never whatever serious traumas.These skills that I thought were so useless were put to the sample on a chilly Tuesday night in March. The evening started expose normal enough, tennis practice and little bit of sparring in Tang So Doo class. That night the instrumental solo and ensemble passage of arms was being held at HHS. Even though I am non a member of the band, I was asked to help away. I was involved in a saxophone quartet with Nolan Cmerek, Mandy Bever and Haley Benson. The four of us warmed up together and patiently waited for our time to come. Distrac ting us from the complete boredom we were experiencing, a few boys who had watched Louise and I spar in Tang So Doo, move in a dumping contest in the gym. The object of this game, as make by Gates and Tyler Shaklee, the basketball stars, was to run, jump on a plyo box, and dunk the ball in the basketball hoop, suspended from the gym ceiling.This was amusing to us, the spectators. nonpareil particular spectator thought he would join in the fun. The three contestant, Jim Pratt, made his first attempt but lost his grip and uncivilized onto the gym floor on his stomach knocking the air out of him. He got up holding his stomach, gasping for air, and laughing at himself at the equal time. The small crowd joined in laughing with him. Nobody wants to try, bump and just quit, so naturally, Jim wanted to try again. Many of the cautious few in the audience expressed their doubts as to whether he should try it again. Jim, having the warlike nature I am sure that all teenage boys possess , seek to dunk the round orange ball one more time.His indorse attempt was again a failure but of a disparate and more serious type. The momentum of Jims feet kept going as he grasped the rim. This motion swung him upside down forcing him to lose his grip and pop off ten very long feet.

Baptism :: essays research papers

Baptism- What does the Bible say?Definitions of Baptism in the Greek dictionary of the N.T. in Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (of actors line rig in KJVB).(907) - baptizo- from a derivation of bapto (911) to make whelmed (i.e. fully wet) utilization only (in the N.T) of ceremonial ablution, especially (technically) of the ordinance of Christian baptism -- baptist, baptize, wash.(908) ? batisma- from baptizo (907) baptism (technical or figurative) - baptism.(909)- baptismos- from baptizo (907) ablution (ceremonially or Christian) - baptism, washing.(910)- Baptistes- from baptizo (907) a baptizer, as an epithet of Christ?s forerunner - Baptist.Where it is found and what is the Greek word is used?Baptism (All use 908)M?t 31- 2022- 2023- 2125- M?r 14-1038-1039-1130- Lu 33-729-1250-204-Ac 122-1037-1324-1825-193-194-Ro 64-Eph 45-Col 212-1 Pe 321-baptisms (uses 909)Heb 62Baptist M?t31-(uses 910)1111-?1112-?142 -?1614-?1713-?M?r614-(uses 907)624-(uses 910)625-?828-?Lu 720-? 728-?733-?919-?Baptist?s (uses910)M?t148Baptize (all use 907)M?t311 M?r 1418Lu316 lavatory1261331 Co117baptized (all use 907)M?t36313314baptized (all use 907)-continued-M?t 31620222023M?r151819103810391616Lu373123217297301250 can32232341421040Ac15238241812813816836838918104710481116161516331881931941952216Ro631 Co113114115116102baptized (all use 907)-continued-1 Co12131529Ga327baptizest (uses 907)John125baptizeth (uses 907)John133326baptizing (all use 907)M?t2819John128131323Acts 1711 ?Now the Bereans were of more(prenominal) noble character than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true.? (NIV) *Use NIV, NAS, and King crowd together Versions to get the most accurate interpretation.Baptism necessary or not?Baptism (Greek baptizo) concentration(From the Greek expository dictionary)- ?It is used in the NT in Luke 1138 of washing oneself (as in 2Kings 514, ?dipped himself,? Sept.) see also Isa. 214, lit., ?lawlessness overwhelms me.? In the early chapters of the four Gospels and in Acts 15 1116 194, it is used of the rite performed by John the Baptist who called upon the people to repent that they might receive remission of sins. Those who obeyed came ?confessing their sins,? olibanum acknowledging their unfitness to be in the Messiah?s coming kingdom. manifest from this is the ?baptism? enjoined by Christ, Matt. 2819, a ?baptism? to be undergone by believers, thus witnessing to their realization with Him in death, burial, and resurrection (e.g. Acts 195 Rom. 63-4 1Cor. 113-17, 1213 Gal. 327 Col 212). The phrase in Matt. 2819, ?baptizing them into the Name? (RV cf. Acts 816), would indicate that the ?baptized? person was virtually bound to, or became property of, the one in whose name he was ?baptized.?In Acts 2216 it is used in the middle voice, in the command given to Saul of Tarsus, ?

Distorted Perceptions in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essay

Distorted Perceptions in F. Scott Fitzgeralds in the altogether is the Night whatever visitor to the French Riviera in the mid-1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night, would describe Dr. Richard loon as a charming, respected, well- realitynered physician. putz is a noble man who has dedicated his life to the health and protection of his beloved wife without pattern to himself. Furthermore, he gives wonderful parties and is a reliable source of help to any(prenominal) friend in need. In fact, to be included in Dick Divers world for a while was a remarkable experience (Fitzgerald, Tender, 27). infra this faade of composure, however, lies a tormented personality. The stresses in Dicks life are numerous, as he deals with Nicoles breakdowns and other aspects of his career and affectionate relationships. He has no unmatchable to help him through these difficulties but he still manages to rescue his friends in countless instances. He does his best to play his role as husband, father, friend, and physician, but he is clearly not comfortable with his responsibilities, and his confusion manifests itself through his fixing with youthfulness. Not only does Dr. Diver try to appear young and bouncy to the outside world, he also has an unhealthy obsession with much younger women in his life. This paternal attitude toward females mingled with sensual confide is a signboard of Dicks hidden instability which slowly becomes more visible. Several events point to Dicks desire to appear younger and as his immature attitude about life. He has a strong need for social approval and tries to ensure his social standing by being a gracious and charming boniface to a myriad of friends and acquaintances. He is very concerned with each guests aspect of him, and i... ...cceeding experiences. A major component of the disintegration of Dick Diver, therefore, is his confusion and immaturity regarding relationships with younger women, as well as his own need to expect youthful. His reputation and well-liked persona are achieved despite his childlike attitudes, but as he slowly loses his ability to conceal his true personality, he is woebegone by everyone. Just as the incestuous actions of Nicoles father led to her unsoundness and his private torment, Dick Divers distorted perceptions of appropriate relationships lead to his own impinge on into obscurity. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York, NY. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1982. Stanton, Robert. Daddys Girl Symbol and Theme in Tender is the Night. Critical Essays on Tender is the Night. Ed. Milton R. Stern. Boston, Ma. G.K. Hall & Co., 1986. 118-124.

Kachina/Katsina Doll :: essays research papers fc

We believe they (Kachina Dolls) atomic number 18 personifications of the katsina spirits, originally created by the katsinam in their sensual embodiment. ..."- Alph H. SecakukuTo understand the meaning of the kachina dolls, it is necessary to understand Hopi culture, because one does not personify without the other. It has been lay out that the Hopis main ancestors were the Anasazi, a group of people who at approximately the time of Christ came to depend on agriculture. They re introduce various beings, from animals to clouds. They atomic number 18 believed to be in some form of hierarchy, a form of kingdom.Kachina dolls are depictions of masked men impersonating supernatural beings that predominate the Hopi, Zuni and Pueblo Spirit dances. These Spirits are believed to be descendants of a prehistoric people. They have lived in the blue parts of New Mexico westward into Arizona near Flagstaff for some fifteen hundred years. To honor them they have many sacred dances end -to-end the year.The dolls which contain the kachina spirits are often given to children to remind them of their inheritance and of their Gods. However, the Kachina Dolls are not just toys, but objects to be treasured and studied. finished these dolls they learn about Kachinas as part of their religious training and background.In Pueblo Indian religious practice, any of more than 500 divine transmitted spirits who act as intermediaries between man and god. They will leave themselves to be seen by the community if the men properly perform a traditional ritual while wearing kachina masks. The spirit painted or mould on the mask is thought to be actually present with the performer, temporarily transforming him into a Kachina spirit.The identity of the spirit is depicted not by the form of the doll, which is usually simple and flat, but primarily by the apply color and elaborate feather, leather, and, occasionally, fabric ornamentation of its mask. Also the identity of a true Kachi na doll is depicted and then carved of cottonwood root. star of the purposes is to help bring the rain for the crops to grow and since the cottonwood is always found near water, the Kachinas are carved from its roots. The roots from which the dolls are carved are chosen with care, since they are seen to draw life and precious moisture from the earth.Very few dolls were carved out of a single report of wood. The arms and legs and head were carved separately and glued to the torso.

Business Education Essay -- essays research papers

Argumentative conscriptionFormal Education Is theKey to SuccessThe advancement of technology in the last decade has increased the demand for Americans to seek high and lump education. No longer do we live in the age of manual labor, family owned & operated conveniences, but rather a computerized age. Thirty-years ago job seekers could scrape stable and secure work that would ensure stability and a well-off future. Those white collar jobs could be obtained and secured by individuals lacking a lump and/or higher education. Today, blue collar jobs like fast food restaurants, warehouse labor, and/or janitorial services prefer and manytimes require some(a) form of education. Employers have become more openly concerned round their employees ability to represent their companies. (Formal education is the key to empowerment, but it is not indispensable in order to become successful in todays society.)Education has become a large importance and often the determine factor for competiti ve job seeker. More than half of Americans citizens seek some form of education at one time or another(prenominal) whether it be for job placement or advancement. Technology is always ever-changing and requires employers to train and re-train its employees to keep then afloat. College students like myself have always been for warned that higher education is the key to ensure success in the career ball and will be the only means of providing a competi...

Jealousy and Self-Love in My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Essay

Robert Brownings dramatic poem My Last Duchess defines how extremely a person may lose touch with reality, as a essence of jealousy and self-love. This central thought is achieved through an aristocrats conversation with a visitant concerning a painting of his ex-wife within the conversation, the aristocrat--Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara--reveals that he has been a key convention in the murder of his late wife. The Dukes instinct of reality and his misuse of major power stand as important facets within the fabrication of the central idea.The Duke about seems to be encouraging the reader to focus on the fact that his sense of reality is defective. He begins pressing this notion to the reader within the ahead of time stages of the poem, while talking to the visitor about a portrait of his polish off wife I call that piece of music a wonder forthwith Fra Pandolfs hands worked busily a day, and there she stands(Browning 695-696). Upon reading this so former(a) in the Dukes convers ation, the reader is taken back how could an individual be more(prenominal) interested in the quality of work in a piece of art than his dead...