Human Sexuality and Young People - 2354 Words

VII. STRATEGY A. Company Vision, Mission and Values B. Goals and Objectives (Strategic Financial) Goal * To be the top manufacturer on the contraceptive market that will be well known throughout the country as well as other countries. With the use of high quality materials in the entire Durex product the safety and pleasure of the customer is assured. Objective * To fear of unplanned pregnancy, and to give the customer a sure way of being protected from harmful transmitted diseases Provide Safe Sex for the people who use the product without the C. Corporate Strategy / Business Strategy D. Marketing Strategies 1. Segmentation, Targeting Positioning SEGMENTATION Since condom use typically begins young and†¦show more content†¦The difference between these groups is the range of products that is offered to each group. Since our first group is consisted mostly of people who either haven’t had sex at all, or have had a small number of intercourses, we have developed a plan of promoting only our basic and most popular products from our condoms line, since we think that the27 interest for the remaining part of the product line wouldn’t be so big to make it profitable. These most popular products include Durex classic, extra safe and select. These products will be offered to all the members of this group, but the emphasis will be on the people who have already had some sort of sexual experience. The reason for such targeting is our goal to encourage young people’s consciousness about STDs and importance of condoms, as well as creating a habit of condom using. That’s why, as we already pointed out, we have develo ped a promotional strategy which is mostly based on young people’s education and creation of condom awareness. Our goal is also to remove the â€Å"taboo† sign of the topics about sex so that we could show people how to come out of the shadow and improve their sex life. Our second group is consisted out of people who have had quite a few sexual experiences and are more interested into enhancing their sexual life. The products that are offered to this group are basically all of theDurex products,Show MoreRelatedHuman Sexuality And Its Effects On Children And Young People Understand1309 Words   |  6 PagesMuch has been made of the role of human sexuality, yet little has been said about the importance of learning about human sexuality. Sex has been the same since time began, and we cannot continue to ignore the reality of what children are being exposed to. Being educated about these topics, being educated, in general is important to me. Education is what will help thi s world with inequalities, and so many other problems. Human sexuality has become one of the topics that have caught my attention becauseRead MoreHuman Sexuality Education : A Natural Part Of Our Everyday Lives1188 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Sexuality Education Paper As a very natural part of our everyday lives and existence as humans, it is perplexing how so many Americans are undereducated about human reproductive systems and sex organs, their structures and functions, and the various effects and consequences of human sexuality. The responsibility of properly educating young people about human sexuality is in the hands of parents and schools. Educational programs in U. S. schools today, such as Abstinence Only and AbstinenceRead MoreTypical Sexual Development Of Sighted Children731 Words   |  3 PagesIncidental learning is loosely defined as learning that does not occur through direct teaching, but rather learning that is unplanned and occurs through observation (Allman Lewis, 2014). The social learning theory explains that young infants acquire information about sexuality and identity as they observe the sexual behaviors of their caregivers. Children develop curiosity about body parts, bodily functions, and gender differences by observi ng elders as they engage in routines such as using the bathroomRead MoreAlize Johnson. Mr. Sidney. British Literature . March 27,1280 Words   |  6 PagesAlize Johnson Mr. Sidney British Literature March 27, 2017 Teen Sexuality â€Å"How sexuality, love,and autonomy are perceived and negotiated in parent-child relationships and among teenagers depends on the cultural templates people have available† -Amy Schale, 2010 The controversy over teen sexuality in America seems to be one of the top ranked topics that floods the internet, talk shows, and radio stations. Whether it’s talk about the latest teen pregnancy shows, child pornographyRead MoreComprehensive Reality-Based Sexuality Education Essay549 Words   |  3 PagesComprehensive Reality-Based Sexuality Education What is comprehensive, reality-based sexuality education? True comprehensive, reality-based sexuality education seeks to assist young people in understanding a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information and skills about taking care of their sexual health, and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future. Ideally, sexuality education is taught in ways that are age- and experience-appropriate in kindergartenRead MoreAlfred Kinsey s Influence On Sexuality1420 Words   |  6 PagesAlfred Kinsey remains one of the most controversial biologist human sexologist even 60 years after his death. Kinsey broke many taboos with his studies dealing with human sexuality such as masturbation, homosexuality, and premarital sex. While many of his methods was criticized by his peers, the field of psychology human sexuality would not be where it is without him. Alfred Kinsey was born in Hoboken, NJ in 1894(1). His parents were very strict Christian Methodists who were involved in the churchRead MoreIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To Human Behaviour: †¨18435577†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ To what extent is human sexuality the result of nature or nurture?†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ The nature and nurture of the human sexuality has been a debate argued among researchers and scientists. With regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek intoRead MoreHistorical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality907 Words   |  4 Pagesperspectives on homosexuality In contemporary Western culture, choices about romantic love and sexuality are a critical aspect of individual self-definition. Whether someone is homosexual or heterosexual is thus also considered to be a crucial aspect of who he or she is as a human being. In previous eras, where individuals were married young, and entered into arranged marriages, this was not the case. Although people had same-sex desire, this desire was enjoyed outside of marriage. What was important forRead MoreHuman Sexuality Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationships are total train wrecks from the start while others are not necessarily ideal, but healthy. Although not seen very often, ideal couples in film are attributed with characteristics that are seen by society as desirable; youthful, attractive people who are hyper-sexual and affectionate. As clichà © as it sounds, sometimes relationships are simply â€Å"complicated†. Such is the case in the film It’s Complicated. Just as the relationships depicted within the film are complex and complicated, so areRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within children and the changing values of society. Sex education curriculum has often been the subject of

Biography of Hans Eysenck

Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was a German-born British psychologist whose best-known work focused on personality and intelligence. He was also a highly controversial figure because of his assertion that racial differences in intelligence were the result of genetics.   Fast Facts: Hans Eysenck Full Name: Hans Jà ¼rgen EysenckKnown For: Eysenck was a psychologist best known for his work in the areas of personality and intelligenceBorn: March 4, 1916 in Berlin, GermanyDied: September 4, 1997 in London, EnglandParents: Eduard Anton Eysenck and Ruth EysenckEducation: Ph.D., University College LondonKey Accomplishments: The most frequently cited British psychologist in scientific journals before his death. Prolific author of over 80 books and more than one thousand articles. Founding editor of the journal Personality and Individual Differences Early Life Hans Eysenck was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1916. He was an only child and his parents were stage and screen performers. His mother was Jewish and his father was Catholic. Shortly after he was born, his parents divorced, leaving Eysenck to be raised by his Jewish maternal grandmother. Eysenck despised the Nazis, so after graduating from secondary school in 1934, he emigrated to London. His initial plan was to study physics at University College London, but due to a lack of prerequisites in the physics department, he ended up getting a degree in psychology instead. He went on to complete his Ph.D. there in 1940 under the supervision of Cyril Burt. Career By the time Eysenck graduated, World War II had started. Eysenck was declared an enemy alien and was almost interned. Initially, he was unable to find a job due to his status. Finally in 1942, with the ease of restrictions, Eysenck found a position at North London’s Mill Hill Hospital as a research psychologist. He went on to found the psychology department at the Institute of Psychiatry after the war, where he stayed until his retirement in 1983.  Eysenck continued pursuing research and writing until his death in 1997. He produced articles and books on a plethora of subjects, leaving behind over 80 books and over 1,600 articles. He was also the founding editor of the influential journal Personality and Individual Differences. Before he passed away, Eysenck was the most cited British psychologist in social science journals.   Contributions to Psychology One of Eysenck’s most significant contributions to psychology was his pioneering work on personality traits. Eysenck was among the first to use the statistical technique called factor analysis to reduce the number of possible traits down to a specific set of dimensions. Initially, Eysenck’s model included only two traits: extraversion and neuroticism. Later, he added the third trait of psychoticism. Today, the Big Five model of personality is considered the gold standard for trait measurement, but the Big Five echoes Eysenck’s model in several ways. Both models include extraversion and neuroticism as traits and Eysencks psychoticism includes elements of the Big Five traits conscientiousness and agreeableness. Eysenck also made the argument that there is a biological component to traits. He claimed that biology combined with the environment to create personality, accounting for the importance of both nature and nurture. Controversial Beliefs Eysenck is known for sparking a great deal of controversy in the field of psychology. One of his major targets was psychoanalysis, which he argued was unscientific. Instead, he was a vocal advocate for behavioral therapy and was largely responsible for establishing clinical psychology in the United Kingdom. In addition, he claimed that there was no evidence that cigarettes cause cancer. Instead, he said that there was a link between personality, smoking, and cancer. His research on the topic was done with the support of the tobacco industry. Although it was a conflict of interest, Eysenck argued that it didn’t matter where funding came from as long as studies were done correctly. The biggest controversy Eysenck became embroiled in was over intelligence. After his student Arthur Jenson asserted in an article that racial differences in intelligence were inherited, Eysenck defended him. He fanned the flames of the backlash even more by writing a book on the subject called The IQ Argument: Race, Intelligence, and Education. However, in his autobiography he was more moderate, saying that environment and experience also play a significant role in intelligence. Key Works Dimensions of Personality (1947)The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology (1957)Uses and Abuses of Psychology (1953)The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence (1979)Rebel with a Cause: The Autobiography of Hans Eysenck (1997) Sources Buchanan, Rod. Eysenck, Hans Jà ¼rgen. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia.com, 27 June 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/psychology-and-psychiatry-biographies/hans-jurgen-eysenckBuchanan, Roderick D. Looking Back: The Controversial Hans Eysenck. The Psychologist, vol. 24, 2011, pp. 318-319. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-24/edition-4/looking-back-controversial-hans-eysenckCherry, Kendra. â€Å"Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography.† Verywell Mind, 3 June 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/hans-eysenck-1916-1997-2795509GoodTherapy. â€Å"Hans Eysenck (1916-1997).† 7 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/hans-eysenck.htmlMcAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Theories of Personality.† Simply Psychology, 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.htmlSchatzman, Morton. Obituary: Professor Ha ns Eysenck. The Independent, 8 September 1997. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-hans-eysenck-1238119.html

Crime And Punishment And The Idiot Analysis - 900 Words

Everyone is the same, only different. People need the same things to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing, so in that sense, everyone is the same. Their differences come from their own unique dispositions and temperaments. Crime and Punishment and The Idiot, two of Dostoevsky’s novels, have two very seemingly similar protagonists, creating an illusion for the readers. When in reality, the characters can be labeled as being near opposites. Through the use of the novels of Crime and Punishment and The Idiot, Dostoevsky creates the protagonists of each novel similarly, but alters their destinies to differentiate them. It seems that Dostoevsky has created a pattern in his novels, as they â€Å"concern themselves with behavioral†¦show more content†¦Alienation occurs to both protagonists of Crime and Punishment and The Idiot. Alienation can be defined as the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity. For both Raskolnikov and Myshkin, they are both isolated from society, whether society isolates them or they isolate themselves from society. Raskolnikov isolates himself from society early on in the novel because of his presumptuous mentality and theories. His extraordinary man theory dictates his life and motivates him to commit a murder. In an explanation of his theory to Porfiry Petrovich, the murder investigator, Raskolnikov says: I only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior (ordinary), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. (Crime 141) He labels those men who have these gifts and talents as extraordinary men and places himself into that category. He believes that he is the best and better than everyone else in the world. After murdering Alyona Ivanovna, something unexplainable happens to Raskolnikov: Something was happening to him entirely new, sudden and unknown. It was not that he understood, but he felt clearly with all the intensity of sensation that he could never more appeal to these people in the police office with sentimental effusions like his recent outburst, or with anything whatever; and that if they had been his ownShow MoreRelatedSce1: Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime1502 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological-pertaining  to  the  mind  or  to  mental  phenomena  as  the subject  matter  of  psychology. -To account for criminal motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain human intellectual and emotional development. These theories can be divided into three categories: a. Moral Development Theories describe a sequence of developmental stages that peopleRead MoreThe Legal Ordering Of The Xix1677 Words   |  7 Pagessystem. For Perez grenades and Gimà ©nez-Salinas Colomer prison appears in this period as the great social invention that facilitated the combination of several functions: correcting the culprit, guaranteeing security, isolating the offender and punishment. In terms of the Anglo-Saxons, in 1840 in the prison of Pentonville of England the progressive system was imposed, that combined the cellular system in a first degree in which the prisoner was confined for 18 months, later to be sent to the AustralianRead MoreThe Themes of Dostoyevsky2976 Words   |  12 Pagesliterature. Crime and Punishment concerns a student who murders because he imagines himself to be superior to most people, but who cannot face the enormity of his crime. In The Idiot, Dostoyevsky tried to portray a truly good Christian person. â€Å"The Possessed, also published as The Devils, is a prophetic portrait of Russian revolutionaries. Dostoyevsky’s greatest novel is probably The Brothers Karamazov. It centers on the murder of the evil Fyodor Karamazov and the effect of this crime on each ofRead MoreMacbeth and Oedipus Rex Comparison Essay2262 Words   |  10 Pagesreversal of good fortune. An analysis of the two characters’ hamartia, the sympathy th ey gain from the audience, the characters’ roles in their inevitable downfall, and the role of the supernatural will emphasize why Macbeth and Oedipus are both Tragic Heroes in different ways. Macbeth and Oedipus both had a hamartia. On the one hand, Macbeth’s hamartia was his ambition for power and gullibility in trusting the witches. This ambition made him commit heinous crimes and led him to trust the witchesRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesgroups Rationale for Punishment Rooted in Christianity Biblical law – lex tallonis (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) Penance through physical pain Nothing scared about the body Restore order of the world Maintain balance Eliminate evil spirits through death Symbolism of fire Deterrence General (a sentence, that is severe enough to stop people from committing crimes) and specific (discourage, though punishment, an individual offender from committing another crime in the future) AffirmRead More Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Essay5384 Words   |  22 PagesAnalysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"Dostoevsky, the only one who has taught me anything about psychology.† The two writers share many similarities and differences. Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the thinking of Nietzsche. The two would be considered both philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late 19th century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and wouldRead MoreRelation between Economics and Law3001 Words   |  13 Pagesmodern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legalRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pagestheories of criminal behavior explain the â€Å"big picture† of crime—crime across the world or across a society. They attempt to answer why there are variations in group rates of crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"epidemiology† or social structural theories. Micro. Micro theories of criminal behavior focus on a small group of offenders or on an individual crime. They attempt to answer why some individuals are more likely than others to commit crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"individual conduct†Read More Dostoevsky was an Anti-Semite2271 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Jewish question enter into Dostoevskys thoughts in the 1860s, this decade is also the most prolific period in his literary career. In addition to writing Notes from the Underground, and The House of the Dead, Dostoevsky completes Crime and Pu nishment, The Idiot and in 1871, he finishes The Devils. In addition, this decade is marked by personal tragedy, gambling, and debts. Beginning in 1862, Dostoevsky makes the first of several sojourns to Europe and his prolonged stay (from 1867-1871), no doubtRead MoreKevin Hernandez Midyr Ushist3156 Words   |  13 Pagespunish crime promptly, impartially and by due process of law, also to make life, liberty and property secure against mob rule. Time was when lynching appeared to be sectional, but now it is national—a blight upon our nation, mocking our laws and disgracing our Christianity. â€Å"With malice toward none but with charity for all† let us undertake the work of making the â€Å"law of the land† effective and supreme upon every foot of American soil—a shield to the innocent; and to the guilty, punishment swift and

Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin (Kite Runner)

Alex DaPonte Mrs. Gill College English March 27 2012 Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin Sin will always be part of humanity, but the atonement of those sins is what matters in the end. What changes is the severity of the sin and the lengths one has to go in order to atone for those sins and redeem one’s self. In Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, guilt, atonement of sins and redemption all show that no matter what a person’s sin may be, he or she will always be able to atone for that sin and find redemption. Amir’s sins are far worse than anything most people will ever go through, yet he is able to atone for his sins, let go of his guilt thus, finding redemption. Even before Amir was born, sin would be bound to him. Hayes†¦show more content†¦Amir has finally done what he should have done about twenty-eight years ago. Fighting Assef for Sohrab helps Amir reach atonement for the sin of not fighting Assef for Hassan. Amir was given a second chance in a similar scenario with the same evil character Assef, and with that second chance Amir breaks the cycle of his sins and is able to forgive himself, becoming a better person. While Assef was beating him, Amir laughs because of his new-found atonement and lack of guilt. †¦For the first time since the winter of 1975, I felt at peace. I laughed because I saw that, in some hidden nook in a corner of my mind, id even ben looking forward to this. I remembered the day on the hill I had pelted Hassan with pomegranates and tried to provoke him†¦ I hadn’t felt better, not at all. But I did now. My body was broken†¦but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. (Hosseini 221) From here on Amir forgave himself and worked to make all the sins that burdened him right. â€Å"We were all born with a moral obligation to leave this world a little bit better than we found it† (Mcilrath). Amir finally forgives himself thus reaching redemption. After he fights Assef he wants to become a better person and be the father that he never had. Baba not only had sins of his own but gave some of his sins to Amir. Amir redeems these sins and will â€Å"leave this world a little better than† what he was born into. Sohrab was told that he would have to go

The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd Free Essays

string(70) " legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle\." Abstract The doctrine of separate legal entity is a doctrine which has gained increasing importance in the analysis of company law. The importance of this doctrine and its relevance in the analysis of laws relating to companies is evident in the case of Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC22, the leading case which gave effect to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). This case has formed the basis of company law and corporate theory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz 2012) Aligning with the above, this paper explains the following statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). Attempts will be made in this paper to analyze courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. Criticism against the decision made by the House of Lords in salomon’s case will also be examined. Statutory and judicial exceptions to Salomon shall also be explored on. Introduction Corporate theory has certain principles which practitioners and academics have struggled to define. Some of these principles seem somehow unsuitable for strict and permanent delineations given that their construction often change with time (Karasz 2012). The case of Salomon V. Salomon and Co. Ltd which has formed the basis of company law globally is one such example. Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz, 2012). The doctrine of ‘separate legal personality’ laid down in Salomon’s case has received increased recognition and is often cited in court today. In this paper we explore on the following statement made by Lord Halsbury L.C. in Salomon’s case and analyze the courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). We will also try to find the basis under which courts may decide to disregard the separate personality of a company. A delve on this topic will not be complete without exploring on Salomon’s case. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd The case of Salomon v Salomon revolves around Mr. Salomon, a businessman who incorporated his business; and given the requirements put forth in the Companies Act 1862 which require the presence of at least seven shareholders, he made his family members as business partners issuing one share to each of them (Keenan Riches 2009). The business was bought at ?39,000. Mr. Salomon held some 20,000 shares and since ?10,000 was not paid for, he was paid the remaining amount by debentures and granted a floating charge on the company’s assets as part payment (Keenan Riches 2009). Soon after the business had been incorporated, the shoe industry witnessed a series of strike which led to the government’s decision to split contracts with several other firms with the aim of diversifying and reducing the risk of its few suppliers, given the ongoing strikes (Keenan Riches 2009). Since the company was in need of more funds, they sought ?5,000 from Broderip. Salomon’s debenture was then assigned to Broderip and secured by a floating charge (Keenan Riches 2009). In the end, however, the business failed and Broderip sued to enforce his security. Given that, at the time, the company was indebted to unsecured creditors; an action against the appellant was brought by the company’s liquidator and the case tried before Vaughan Williams, J. of the high court (Keenan Riches 2009). Vaughan Williams J declared Broderip’s claim to be valid arguing that the signatories were just but mere dummies and that Mr. Salomon was acting as an agent of the company (Keenan Riches 2009). Thus the company was entitled to indemnity from the principal who in this case was Mr. Salomon (Keenan Riches 2009). The ruling made by the Court of Appeal further confirmed the earlier decision made by Vaughan William. The Court of Appeal ruled that Broderip’s claim was valid on grounds that the Appellant had abused the privileges of incorporation (Macintyre 2012). According to the Court of Appeal, the incorporation of the company was improper as the Act only contemplated the incorporation of independent bona fide shareholders with the will and minds of their own and not mere puppets (Macintyre 2012) This decision was, however, unanimously overturned by the House of Lords and the arguments of fraud and agency rejected (Macintyre 2012). They held that the Act had to be the sole guide for determining whether a company had been validly constituted. According to the Companies Act 1862, just a share was enough for one to be named as a member. It was therefore not in order to label shareholders as dummies or mere puppets since the company had been duly constituted by law and thus had a separate legal entity (Macintyre 2012). The House of Lords remarked that it was improper for the judges to read into the statute limitations based on their personal opinion (Macintyre 2012). The House further noted that while the company remained precisely the same even after being incorporated with the same hands receiving profits; by law, the company was not an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers and the subscribers were also not liable for any of the company’s liabilities (Macintyre 2012). Since then, legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle. You read "The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd" in category "Essay examples" This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law. The principle established in Salomon vs. Salomon Co Ltd has stood the test of time, given that this doctrine has formed the basis of company law (Puig 2000). As noted in Salomon’s case, a company is at law a legal entity separate from its members and can neither be an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers. The decision made by the House of Lords in Salomon’s case confirms Gooley’s observations that the doctrine of separate legal personality was a ‘double-edged sword’ (Puig 2000). While this decision was good as it promoted capitalism, the decision also extended the benefits of incorporation to private businesses thereby providing for fraud and evasion of legal obligations (Puig 2000). This criticism will be examined in detail in the next section. Criticism against Salomon’s case Despite having been cited in court, Salomon’s case has met considerable criticism. Much of the criticism has been based on the fact that corporate veil may at times lead to injustice. For example, in the article 7 Modern Law Review 54, Kahn-Freund described the decision made in Salomon’s case as â€Å"calamitous†. Kahn-Freund further called for the abolition of private companies. Criticism is also mounted against Salomon’s case on the basis that priority is given to the separate identity principle over the economic reality of a one-person company. In the article, The Law Quarterly Review, Goulding explains that criticism laid against Salomon’s case is two-fold. First, the unanimous ruling made by the House of Lords in this case gives incorporators the benefit of limited liability even in situations where it may be deemed unnecessary. Second, this decision affords unscrupulous promoters opportunities to abuse the privileges provided for under the Corporations Act. Piercing of the corporate veil Despite the seemingly categorical statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case, a few years later, the English court held that in certain situations it was permissible to disregard this principle and to ‘pierce the corporate veil’ (Mugambwa 2007). In this context, ‘piercing of corporate veil’ describes situations wherein the separate entity principle may be deemed unfair and the courts may make decisions contrary to this principle on various grounds. The court often does this so as to reach the person behind the veil and to reveal the true nature of the company (Mugambwa 2007) It has however become a hard task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which courts may lift the veil. This is an area which is said to be ill-defined, inconsistent and quite unpredictable. In Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd, Rogers AJA point out to the lack of a common and unifying principle underlying the court’s decision to lift or ignore the corporate veil (Macintyre 2012). In determining when to disregard the separate entity principle, commentators have often divided their instances into several distinct categories and often there is no consensus as to the number or type of categories, with some similar cases being placed in different categories. The ultimate policy for lifting the veil also remains elusive with some arguing that it depends on ‘policy’ while others arguing that it depends on ‘justice’ (Mugambwa 2007). Attempts have been made by commentators to categorize cases with the view of predicting the outcome of future cases but this has proved difficult largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts have significant influence on the outcome. It has also proved difficult to rationalize and categorize cases since this is an area in which the personal views of judges have a bearing on what justifies lifting the corporate veil (Karasz 2012). Statutory and judicial exceptions Despite being enshrined in the Companies Act 1997, significant exceptions have been made to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). In other words, there are certain situations in which the courts can legitimately disregard the separate legal entity principle. According to Bourne (2001), there are two main exceptions to the separate entity principle. These are statutory and judicial exceptions. In this context, statutory exceptions include provisions that penalize office holders by imposing personal liability. Several statutory provisions have introduced exceptions to the separate legal entity principle. One such statute is the Insolvency Act 1986 which involves fraudulent or rather wrongful trading (Roach 2012). In pursuant to the ‘fraudulent trading’ provision, if it appears that fraud has been used in carrying out business transactions, the court may on application of the liquidator declare any of the parties to the business liable for making contributions as may be deemed necessary by the court (Roach 2012). Judicial exceptions, on the other hand, are concerned with the company’s separate legal personality. These exceptions have, however, proven hard to define. Justification for making such exceptions also differs greatly. Sealy Worthington (2010) gave an example wherein court may make such exceptions. They argued that members can be declared by court liable where their acts constitute them as ‘principals’ and the company acting as merely an agent. This example, however, does not encompass all the judicial exceptions. One major group to this type of exception relates to fraud. In this respect, Linklater (2006) identifies three cases where fraud had significant influence on the court’s decision to lift the corporate veil: Kensington International Ltd v Congo, R v K and Trustor v Smallbone. A common feature in all these cases is that they would all have passed Salomon’s test that – ‘either the limited company was legal entity or it was not’ (Linklater 2006). There is, however, one element in all these cases which set them apart from Salomon: the fact that all the three cases were being used for fraud and to disguise the true state of affairs rather than being used for legitimate trading (Linklater 2006). Another group encompassing judicial exceptions relates to a group structure, wherein both the parent and subsidiary company are viewed as one. This can be seen in the case of Adams v Cape Industries Plc. The court of Appeal ruled that the subsidiary company acted as an agent to the parent company and thus had to be indemnified by the parent company. Another practical example wherein courts can disregard the doctrine of separate entity can be seen with certain court cases. In UK, courts may disregard Salamon’s precedent especially when public funds are at stake. In such cases, courts may decide to impose financial liability on the shareholders and directors of the company. While these exceptions have been viewed by many as undermining the doctrine of separate legal personality embodied in Salomon’s case, it should be noted that these exceptions serve to further define the doctrine by narrowing its scope and stipulating additional guidelines. Conclusion There is no doubt that the decision in Salomon’s case established the separate legal personality of a company, allowing shareholders to carry on trading with minimal exposure to the risk of personal insolvency in the event of a collapse. There are, however, exceptions to this principle wherein the court may justifiably disregard and make rulings contrary to this principle. It remains, however, a daunting task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which the courts may be justified to lift the corporate veil. This is largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts and personal views of judges have a bearing on the outcome. Nonetheless, the principle in Salomon case is widely recognized and followed in courts. This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law Reference Bourne, N., 2001. Bourne on Company Law. 5th edition, Oxon, Routledge Gooley, J., 1995. Corporations and associations law: principles and issues. 3rd edition. Sydney: Butterworths Kahn-Freund, O., 1944. Some reflections on Company Law Reform. 7 Modern Law Review, page 54-66 Karasz, A., 2012, Corporate world today: courts respond to limited liability and board’s decision making – a fight for a justice or rather prosperity at stake Keenan, D. and S. Riches, 2009. Business law, 9th edition. Harlow, Pearson Longman. Linklater, L., 2006. ‘†Piercing the corporate veil† – the never ending story?’ Comp. Law 27 (3), 65-66 Macintyre, E., 2012. Business law. 6th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Mugambwa, J.T., 2007. Commercial and business organizations law in Papua New Guinea. Routledge-Cavendish Puig, G.V., 2000. A two-edged sword: Salomon and the separate legal entity doctrine. Corporation law. Vol.7 (3) Roach, L., 2012. Card James’ Business Law for business, accounting and finance students. 2nd edition. OUP Oxford. Sealy, L. and S. Worthington, 2010. Sealy’s Cases and Materials in Company Law. 9th edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Stephen, J., 2008. Business organisations and the veil of incorporation. In: Q A: Company Law. Oxford university press. How to cite The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd, Essay examples

Cloning Benefits Essay Research Paper Cloning Benefits free essay sample

Cloning Benefits Essay, Research Paper Cloning Benefits What if while walking down the street you encountered person who looked precisely like you? Would you gaze in astonishment or would your bosom be filled with fright? At first some people may look upon the thought of cloning with disgust and inquiry themselves if worlds should play God while others would be interested and study the many possibilities that cloning offers. This illustrates the way that cloning has taken over the latter portion of the 20th century. At first, when cloning was brought up in conversations, people tended to fearfully believe of an ground forces of indistinguishable individuals processing across the Earth in hopes of governing worlds. This and many other absurd impressions of ringers stem from scientific discipline fiction films and books where ringers are distorted into horrid, monstrous animals. In Ira Levin # 8217 ; s science fiction book, The Boys of Brazil, babe Adolf hitlers are cloned in order to take over Hitler # 8217 ; s dream of his race ruling the universe ( Harris 361 ) . This deformation was, and still is, a common misconception of the ends of cloning. In world, cloning, along with its opposite number cistron therapy, is non intended for the production of a to the full developed single. Alternatively, cloning and cistron therapy are about the medical promotion of the universe # 8217 ; s population through the control of diseases and replacing of losing endocrines and variety meats. Although there are statements against them, the possibilities of cloning and cistron therapy are of import for the production of variety meats and endocrines and as a means to command diseases, but both must besides be purely regulated in order to criminalize the production of fully-developed human ringers. Until 1997 the opportunity of mammalian cloning seemed merely approximately every bit improbable as happening a remedy for AIDS. However, 1997 marked the beginning of the fantastic engineering known as mammalian cloning. In that twelvemonth scientists in Scotland clon ed, for the first clip, a sheep ( # 8221 ; The Future # 8221 ; 46 ) . Since so people think that life scientists are cloning both human and other mammal # 8217 ; s embryos merely to see how far they can force the scientific envelope, but in fact there are many legitimate grounds for look intoing cloning. Embryologists believe that research into cloning could assist better the life of future coevalss. Cancer research is perchance the most of import ground for embryo cloning they argue. Oncologists believe that embryologic survey will progress apprehension of the rapid cell growing of malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer cells develop at about the same phenomenal velocity as embryologic cells do. By analyzing the embryologic cell growing, scientists may be able to find how to halt rapid cell division, and besides stop malignant neoplastic disease growing in bend ( Hyde 15 ) . Another of import country of embryo cloning research is embryologic root cell development. Stem cells are u niform cells that can develop into about any type of cell in the organic structure. These cells are non attacked by a individual # 8217 ; s immune system, because of their fast development and uniform position ( Wilmut 4 ) . Many physicians believe that these root cells could be used in interventions for encephalon and nervous system harm. Possibly a more questionable usage of cloned embryos is for trim parts and endocrines. Production of transgenic farm animate beings to do variety meats to transfer in worlds with organ failure has been to a great extent researched. Companies like Alexion Pharmaceutical have been working on the development of # 8220 ; hogs to turn Black Marias and kidneys that won # 8217 ; t be rejected in grafts # 8221 ; ( Reibstein 58 ) . For illustration, the cells used to bring forth tissues for organ transplant could include skin and blood cells for interventions of burn and other hurts, bone marrow grafts for leukaemia patients, and neurological tissues f or degenerative neurological diseases like Parkinson # 8217 ; s and Alzheimer # 8217 ; s ( Winston 913 ) . Obviously human embryo cloning is a great beginning for human promotion, and it is the engineering that will eventually do it possible to use familial technology to worlds. Familial technology involves splicing and recombining Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ( DNA ) to make or repair a cistron on a chromosome. Many intervention drugs have been made through a process known as cistron splicing. Gene splice is a method in which whole cistrons or parts of cistrons are put into bacteriums where they are reproduced when the bacteriums divide. In 1982, two promotions in cistron splice were made ; Interferon, a drug used to handle malignant neoplastic disease, and Humulin, a man-made signifier of insulin used to handle diabetes, were produced through cistron splice ( Hyde 44 ) . Harmonizing to Hyde # 8217 ; s book, Cloning and the New Genetics, before cistron splice was used it took 20 tip and 80 pig pancreases to bring forth a twelvemonth # 8217 ; s supply of insulin for one individual. This may non sound like much, but when you consider the fact that about 60 million people have diabetes worldwide that is a batch of animate beings whose lives have been saved ( 61 ) . Another intervention greatly affected by familial technology is Human Growth Hormone ( HGH ) . Without HGH, kids # 8217 ; s growing is decreased so much they tend to look dwarfed. Alternatively of pull outing the pituitary secretory organs from 50 corpses per one kid, familial technology now allows scientists to utilize the common bacteriums E. Coli to bring forth HGH ( 62 ) . . Both cistron therapy and cloning are highly of import for the promotion of worlds. Harmonizing to D. J. Weatherall # 8217 ; s book, The New Genetics and Clinical Practice: # 8220 ; Finally, and possibly most importa nt[ly] in the long [run], these new analytical techniques will broaden the scope of the genetic analysis of human disease to encompass the cell and molecular biology of a variety of the major killers of western societies, in particular vascular disease, diabetes, cancer, rheumatic disease, and major psychiatric disorders.† (2) Without these new technologies many people would die, and in order to continue with these technologies, we need to restrict only the parts that are harmful or unethical to society. Regulation and restriction must be established in order to outlaw the implantation of a cloned embryo into a woman’s womb. Because human embryo research is just in its infancy, there has been a rush to decide what guidelines are going to be instituted for governing cloning experiments. However, we must not make rash decisions to ban cloning because â€Å"[w]hat’s at stake here are lifesaving technologies, the only hope for thousands afflicted with Parkinsonâ₠¬â„¢s disease, diabetes, cancer, and other deadly and disabling diseases (Carey 2).† To assist the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in determining which cloning experiments to fund, a medical panel was set up to form a preliminary set of guidelines. Steven Muller, the head of the panel, set out with the help of several prominent biologists including, Brigid Hogan and embryology specialist Mark Hughes, to put together a set of guidelines that would satisfy the concerns of both the scientific and religious communities. The religious community vigorously opposes all human cloning procedures for fear that humans are attempting to play God and destroy the family. The scientific community sympathizes with the religious communities concerns, but does not want to lose the enormous amount of information that may be gained by human embryo cloning. Muller’s panel announced a set of guidelines that they hope would be acceptable to both communities. They recommended research be p ermitted on embryos allowing them to develop up to and including the fourteenth day. Researchers would also be allowed to produce new embryos for what the NIH considers compelling research. Researchers would also be permitted to remove some of the embryonic cells from embryos that are destined for in vitro fertilization at a later time (Marshall 1024). The panel did not come to a decision in several other areas including research funding. The panel suggested that research might be permitted after the fourteenth day of development depending upon the circumstances, but definitely not after the eighteenth day, when neural tube closure begins to develop. The neural tube is the beginning of the nervous system, including the brain, in adult humans (Marshall 1024). Thus the scientific community seems to be giving more moral consideration to an embryo then a majority of society gives to a more developed fetus during abortion The experiments that the panel recommended be banned include impre gnating human embryos in other animal species, impregnating cloned embryos into humans, the use of embryos for sex selection, or the transfer of one nucleus from one embryo to another. These are but a few of the procedures that the panel felt were inappropriate for federal funding (Marshall 1024). However, the above limitations only apply to federally funded experiments. Currently there are no laws directly prohibiting any of the above procedures in private research settings. It should also be stated that all of the above procedures have or can be carried out with our current technology. Although the NIH does not have the ability to stop privately funded cloning clinics like the one Richard Seed plans to build, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does. â€Å"The [FDA] already has the power to quash attempts to clone people. Eccentric scientists†¦ can announce plans to open human-cloning clinics. But without FDA approval, they’ll be committing a crime. And they wonâ⠂¬â„¢t get FDA approval† (Carey 1). Whenever a new idea is introduced into society, it is usually met with criticism and fear by some and with joy and hope by others. Just like criticism and fear arrived with the delivery of Louise Brown, the first In Vitro fertilization baby born in 1978 (Tudge 34), the same will hold true for cloning. However, there is hope. Not only is In Vitro fertilization accepted now, but it is used daily by hundreds of couples trying to conceive when it was impossible to even imagine a family before. The plain and simple truth is that both cloning and gene therapy provide many new and exciting possibilities such as the production of organs and hormones and the control of disease to ensure the future health of the human race. Like In Vitro fertilization, humans need to open their eyes and accept these new techniques that are creeping over the horizon which can not only save lives, but increase our longevity as a society. Many critics of cloning and gene therapy do not stop to think about the possibilities of these technologies or about the possibility that one of their offspring could need some genetically engineered or cloned substance to save their life in the future. They worry about one or two scientists trying to clone humans instead of the possibilities that will be available to the world to fight disease. If humans would just take a look at the bigger picture they would realize that cloning and gene therapy will not be the downfall of society, but will increase our longevity and health as a whole.