Flat Affect in Schizophrenia Symptoms and Treatment

Flat Affect in Schizophrenia Symptoms and Treatment Schizophrenia Print Schizophrenia and the Flat Affect How to Recognize Impaired Emotional Functioning and Minimize Symptoms By Catherine Harrison, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 05, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children David Ryle / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Symptoms and Impact Treatment Coping and Support View All Flat affect (diminished emotional expression) is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia, although it may also affect those with other conditions. It is a lack of showing emotion characterized by an apathetic and unchanging facial expression and little or no change in the strength, tone, or pitch of the voice. This extremely limited range of expressions occurs even in situations that would normally seem very exciting or very sad. For instance, upon hearing the great news, someone with schizophrenia may not smile, laugh, or have any joy in their response. Flat affect is more common among men than women and is often present during the onset of schizophrenia.?? Causes Although millions of people are affected by flat affect, scientists are not entirely sure of the exact cause. It is hypothesized that it is due to differences in brain functioningâ€"and some of the neurocognitive deficiencies that accompany schizophrenia.?? Does Schizophrenia Alter the Thinking Process? More often than not, flat affect is an underlying symptom of several conditionsâ€"not just schizophrenia. It may even be a side-effect of certain medications, including antidepressants. Conditions linked to the flat affect include:?? AutismBrain damageDepressionParkinsons diseasePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Muscle disorders or facial paralysis Symptoms and Impact If you have been affected by flat affect, you may find that it negatively impacts your social functioning.?? People can respond negatively to the way you react in a situation or conversation, leading to the assumption that you are cold or unfeeling when thats not true. Signs of Flat Affect Monotone or flat voice with no modulation or expressionLack of eye contactLack of discernible interest in the topic at handNo changes in facial expression regardless of the circumstance (neutral expression)Lack of verbal response to emotional stimuliBody language or non-verbal responses that are not typical to the experience, conversation, or situation at hand Its important to note that while you may have trouble displaying emotion, many people with schizophrenia have no difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others. This is an important factor in working with your doctor to define a treatment plan, as it gives you a foundation to build on to create appropriate social exchanges. How to Recognize Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Treatment Treatment for flat affect often depends on the underlying cause. A plan of action should begin by consulting with a psychologist or psychiatrist who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions. Flat affect can be treated to some degree. It often requires comprehensive therapy, including working with a healthcare provider and taking medication. While it often cannot be completely eliminated, therapy and intervention can help you interact with others more warmly and naturally and get your other symptoms of schizophrenia under control.?? Get Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Therapy and Intervention Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, is one of the most researched models of therapy used in the treatment of schizophrenia. CBT can help people with flat affect begin to recognize how their emotionless response does not match what is required in a specific situation.?? Your therapist may have you practice appropriate reactions to different stimuli (like grief or celebration) so that you can learn how to react as other people do. Social skills training, a type of behavioral therapy, can also be used to teach people with schizophrenia to express feelings and needs, ask questions, and control their voice,  body, and facial expressions.Speech therapy can help with tone and modulation of voice to convey more emotion. How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology Medication In addition to evaluating your medicationâ€"since some meds can cause flat affectâ€"your mental health provider can prescribe antipsychotic medications to control  symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. Typical antipsychotics function by blocking receptors for dopamine. The newer atypical antipsychotics also influence other neurotransmitters in the brain and may help with a flat affect. Clozaril (clozapine) is one of these agents shown to help combat flat affect in people with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses for which this is a concern.?? Atypical Antipsychotics Prescribed to Treat Schizophrenia Coping and Support for Caregivers Caring for a loved one who is suffering from flat affect is challenging. Its much more than dealing with a loved one who tends to be cold. Its not a personality trait. This symptom of schizophrenia makes it impossible for your loved one to translate emotion into a verbal or physical expression. The brain and body are not connecting. While he or she may be unable to express his or her emotions, your emotions are likely in overdrive as you struggle to come to terms with this symptom of schizophrenia. Continuing to educate yourself on the condition and the experiences your loved one will face is one of the most important ways to cope. Gathering information can help you better understand what to expect and what you can do to help. Although your primary focus is on supporting your loved one, its also important to remember to help yourself. This means seeking support from local or online groups, a mental health provider, or a trusted friend or family member. Sharing your experiences and challenges can help you process your emotions and give you encouragement and hope. You may also gain helpful information about new or progressive treatment methods as well as other resources to help your loved one.

Should Prostitution be Legal - Free Essay Example

Every human being should not have to result in selling their body in order to live. People should have more respect for themselves and their bodies.Many people within this profession are often forced and are not prostituting by choice.Legalizing prostitution diminishes not only the status of women and men but the government as an economy. The industry takes advantage of vulnerable and lost minded people. This paper will expose how prostitution opens up a wide range of safety hazards, health problems that are not easily treatable, and corruption within the legislative branch.The occupation of prostitution is though a voluntary job; many women choose to be in that field of work because of the poverty within the community they live in,trouble with financial stability, and search for empty love and affection. The life of prostitution is for sure no fairy tale but seems to be the gateway for troubled and confused young women. According to the article, Making Prostitution Legal does not empower women- it turns them into commodities, prostitution attracts younger women not giving young girls a chance of life itself. Some will debate how prostitution is a victimless crime, but from the evidence, many will firmly disagree. The victim is the sex worker; the young ladies and men who feel there is no other way to live or sadly the only way to live. Movies like Pretty Woman glamorizes prostitution in a way that it is a desirable kind of occupation a person would want, but in reality the murder rate for an American prostitute is 204 for every 100,000, according to the website sex-crimes.laws.com . Many prostitutes are often sufferers of abusive homes. Sadly as a result of the neglect and disapproval of young people in homes throughout their lifespan, 60% of prostitutes are runaways. Youth who flee their homes are most of the population of prostitutes and puts the youth of our country at high risked of being sex trafficked. Teens can also influence other teens to prostitute, having the number of sex workers increase dramatically at such a young age. The existence of Prostitution to our society is a treachery to men and women. Many will limit prostitution to just females,whereas both male and females are within this profession. As for women, many begin prostitution to receive large sums of money and to support themselves through college, starting as young as 12 years-old. For men, they began to prostitute because of their preferred gender and the lack of employment opportunities.On average, men join the sex industry as young as 14 years-old. The clients from prostitution often times believe they are too ugly and unable to have sex without paying for it. This feeling markets the occupation and even brings more regard to it. Most people would argue that prostitution is a choice of the prostitutes but some can strongly disagree. People who prostitute is already humiliating enough so legalizing it just condones that humiliation. Many who prostitute are more than likely victims from human trafficking and just fall into prostitution in control of their owners or more commonly known as their pimps . The increase in sex trafficking would skyrocket if prostitution was legal. This industry of the sex works has its history for the power it takes over people. According to the article, Why Power and Prostitution Go Together, it states how power figures and sexual improprieties go hand and hand. Many would be surprise how many politicians and Hollywood celebrities involve themselves with prostitutes.The power dynamics of prostitution also has to do with the negotiation of condom use during the exchange of sex. Making workers slaves to the occupation and without any say so of what can and cannot be done to them. Moreover, legalization puts lipstick on the modern day slavery and call it another liberation of men and women stated on the website https://prostitution.procon.org/view.answers. Prostitution in actuality is one of the oldest profession. Though the inferior aspects for those who go into this line of work is the conditions of living on the streets and actually working the streets. Prostitutes get most of their clients by simply just meeting them the same day of the sexual transaction. Without knowing who their clients are or if the have any health issues, puts prostitutes at an extreme risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. To make matters worse , prostitutes nor their clients,are tested for STDs or AIDs. Legalizing prostitution can lead to an increase in these diseases creating a public health issue. Furthermore the legalization of prostitution can also have an increase in unwanted pregnancies. Being pregnant and a prostitute puts not only the unborn in jeopardy of health problems but the mother as well.It is important that those who do work in the sex industry to know their status of their health. In the article, Prostitution ProCon.org- Should Prostitution be Legal, it states that prostitution remains one of the leading jobs for contracting AIDS. Another major issue when prostituting is the extreme violence that occurs. Violence is said to be one of the major aspects in the nature of the sex industry.Those in prostitution face a very high probability of rape and domestic violence and can possibly lead to death.In the article, Why Legalizing Prostitution May Not Work?, the legalization of prostitution can also market crowds of violent clients, abusive pimps and etc . This means that the expansion of prostitutes and pimps will assuredly accelerate in numbers. Decriminalising Prostitution will definitely reduce the sexual violence within the occupation. It could also bring the crime rate down in the amount of rapes that happen to prostitutes. Human trafficking plays a major role in prostitution. Many women and men who prostitute are victims of human trafficking. The sex working prostitution involves willing engagements while sex trafficking involves force and deceit. Being that either one seems benefit the sex worker at all, they are both wrong. Prostitution staying illegal would improve the lives of sex workers and what happens to them. In the article, Why Legalizing Prostitution May Not Work, it states that prostitution being legalized can easily help traffickers. There is already the concept of willing prostitution in most places but in reality it is just another way to exploit women. In addition to danger of prostitution is the amounts of rape and sexual abuse that occurs to people in this occupation. The intersection between prostitution and sexual violence are so close together. Prostitution should be looked upon as this form of violence to the world, and not women being commodities. Abuse done to prostitutes are not only from their pimps, but also clients that have bought them, and people who are in authority. Many wish to leave the profession but face the terrifying consequences of being beaten or threatened by their owners. Exacerbate matters, the rapes and abuse in prostitution are rarely reported and if reported they are hardly ever further investigated. The chart below emphasis on average how many people in prostitution are physically and mentally abused. Sex workers face major health problems in the job, prostitution. Some will think when working in the sex industry the only health issues are sexually transmitted, but there is also many mental health issues prostitutes endure. Mental issues such as depression, trauma, anxiety, sexual harassment and more. Most of the time these sex workers face more severe problems like substance abuse. Sex work may lead prostitutes to start drinking or using drugs. Many believe that this substance abuse is used as a physical escape from a sex workers reality or prior abuse and troubles. Innumerable street prostitutes use illegal drugs, but mainly methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin. Addiction can trap a person in prostitution, and prostitution can keep many trapped in the use of drugs. It is a supremely toilsome pattern to break especially if individuals are forced into a practice orchestrated by pimps, peers, or life circumstances. As time progress, prostitutes become addicted to these substances a nd sadly these substances take control of them. More of the mental issues come from the amount of violence done to these sex workers and physical abuse sex workers can experience on a daily. The balance between a prostitutes actual sex work and drug consumption can interfere with their body performance level. The other side of health issues more commonly known to be received by a prostitute is sexually transmitted diseases. Due to a sex workers social vulnerability and components corresponding with their specific work such as a history of multiple sex partners, and erratic condom use, diseases are easy to obtain. These sexually transmitted diseases include HIV, STDs, AIDs, Genital Herpes, Chlamydia, and Syphilis just to name a few. There is increasing evidence to support this claim about these diseases being channel during the sexual transactions. Insisting that a STD testing prevents a worker from receiving the disease is like arguing that pregnancy tests will prevent pregnancy. It is just not practicable. In some states they try to regulate the spreading of these viruses and diseases by giving health cards. Though this may domesticate the expansion it does not eliminate the problem altogether. Being that the Ora of prostitution is sex, many women have a extremely high probability of getting pregnant. There is also the chance of complications during birth and the unborn having birth defects. Substance abuse has a major impact on the unborn due to the intake of the toxic drugs and alcohol which are not healthy for the baby. It makes prostitutes situation even worse is that the unborn children have no control over what their parents do. Many birth defects have happen to unborn kids due to the parents substance abuse.

Human Sexuality and Young People - 2354 Words

VII. STRATEGY A. Company Vision, Mission and Values B. Goals and Objectives (Strategic Financial) Goal * To be the top manufacturer on the contraceptive market that will be well known throughout the country as well as other countries. With the use of high quality materials in the entire Durex product the safety and pleasure of the customer is assured. Objective * To fear of unplanned pregnancy, and to give the customer a sure way of being protected from harmful transmitted diseases Provide Safe Sex for the people who use the product without the C. Corporate Strategy / Business Strategy D. Marketing Strategies 1. Segmentation, Targeting Positioning SEGMENTATION Since condom use typically begins young and†¦show more content†¦The difference between these groups is the range of products that is offered to each group. Since our first group is consisted mostly of people who either haven’t had sex at all, or have had a small number of intercourses, we have developed a plan of promoting only our basic and most popular products from our condoms line, since we think that the27 interest for the remaining part of the product line wouldn’t be so big to make it profitable. These most popular products include Durex classic, extra safe and select. These products will be offered to all the members of this group, but the emphasis will be on the people who have already had some sort of sexual experience. The reason for such targeting is our goal to encourage young people’s consciousness about STDs and importance of condoms, as well as creating a habit of condom using. That’s why, as we already pointed out, we have develo ped a promotional strategy which is mostly based on young people’s education and creation of condom awareness. Our goal is also to remove the â€Å"taboo† sign of the topics about sex so that we could show people how to come out of the shadow and improve their sex life. Our second group is consisted out of people who have had quite a few sexual experiences and are more interested into enhancing their sexual life. The products that are offered to this group are basically all of theDurex products,Show MoreRelatedHuman Sexuality And Its Effects On Children And Young People Understand1309 Words   |  6 PagesMuch has been made of the role of human sexuality, yet little has been said about the importance of learning about human sexuality. Sex has been the same since time began, and we cannot continue to ignore the reality of what children are being exposed to. Being educated about these topics, being educated, in general is important to me. Education is what will help thi s world with inequalities, and so many other problems. 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Biography of Hans Eysenck

Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was a German-born British psychologist whose best-known work focused on personality and intelligence. He was also a highly controversial figure because of his assertion that racial differences in intelligence were the result of genetics.   Fast Facts: Hans Eysenck Full Name: Hans Jà ¼rgen EysenckKnown For: Eysenck was a psychologist best known for his work in the areas of personality and intelligenceBorn: March 4, 1916 in Berlin, GermanyDied: September 4, 1997 in London, EnglandParents: Eduard Anton Eysenck and Ruth EysenckEducation: Ph.D., University College LondonKey Accomplishments: The most frequently cited British psychologist in scientific journals before his death. Prolific author of over 80 books and more than one thousand articles. Founding editor of the journal Personality and Individual Differences Early Life Hans Eysenck was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1916. He was an only child and his parents were stage and screen performers. His mother was Jewish and his father was Catholic. Shortly after he was born, his parents divorced, leaving Eysenck to be raised by his Jewish maternal grandmother. Eysenck despised the Nazis, so after graduating from secondary school in 1934, he emigrated to London. His initial plan was to study physics at University College London, but due to a lack of prerequisites in the physics department, he ended up getting a degree in psychology instead. He went on to complete his Ph.D. there in 1940 under the supervision of Cyril Burt. Career By the time Eysenck graduated, World War II had started. Eysenck was declared an enemy alien and was almost interned. Initially, he was unable to find a job due to his status. Finally in 1942, with the ease of restrictions, Eysenck found a position at North London’s Mill Hill Hospital as a research psychologist. He went on to found the psychology department at the Institute of Psychiatry after the war, where he stayed until his retirement in 1983.  Eysenck continued pursuing research and writing until his death in 1997. He produced articles and books on a plethora of subjects, leaving behind over 80 books and over 1,600 articles. He was also the founding editor of the influential journal Personality and Individual Differences. Before he passed away, Eysenck was the most cited British psychologist in social science journals.   Contributions to Psychology One of Eysenck’s most significant contributions to psychology was his pioneering work on personality traits. Eysenck was among the first to use the statistical technique called factor analysis to reduce the number of possible traits down to a specific set of dimensions. Initially, Eysenck’s model included only two traits: extraversion and neuroticism. Later, he added the third trait of psychoticism. Today, the Big Five model of personality is considered the gold standard for trait measurement, but the Big Five echoes Eysenck’s model in several ways. Both models include extraversion and neuroticism as traits and Eysencks psychoticism includes elements of the Big Five traits conscientiousness and agreeableness. Eysenck also made the argument that there is a biological component to traits. He claimed that biology combined with the environment to create personality, accounting for the importance of both nature and nurture. Controversial Beliefs Eysenck is known for sparking a great deal of controversy in the field of psychology. One of his major targets was psychoanalysis, which he argued was unscientific. Instead, he was a vocal advocate for behavioral therapy and was largely responsible for establishing clinical psychology in the United Kingdom. In addition, he claimed that there was no evidence that cigarettes cause cancer. Instead, he said that there was a link between personality, smoking, and cancer. His research on the topic was done with the support of the tobacco industry. Although it was a conflict of interest, Eysenck argued that it didn’t matter where funding came from as long as studies were done correctly. The biggest controversy Eysenck became embroiled in was over intelligence. After his student Arthur Jenson asserted in an article that racial differences in intelligence were inherited, Eysenck defended him. He fanned the flames of the backlash even more by writing a book on the subject called The IQ Argument: Race, Intelligence, and Education. However, in his autobiography he was more moderate, saying that environment and experience also play a significant role in intelligence. Key Works Dimensions of Personality (1947)The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology (1957)Uses and Abuses of Psychology (1953)The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence (1979)Rebel with a Cause: The Autobiography of Hans Eysenck (1997) Sources Buchanan, Rod. Eysenck, Hans Jà ¼rgen. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia.com, 27 June 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/psychology-and-psychiatry-biographies/hans-jurgen-eysenckBuchanan, Roderick D. Looking Back: The Controversial Hans Eysenck. The Psychologist, vol. 24, 2011, pp. 318-319. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-24/edition-4/looking-back-controversial-hans-eysenckCherry, Kendra. â€Å"Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography.† Verywell Mind, 3 June 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/hans-eysenck-1916-1997-2795509GoodTherapy. â€Å"Hans Eysenck (1916-1997).† 7 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/hans-eysenck.htmlMcAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Theories of Personality.† Simply Psychology, 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.htmlSchatzman, Morton. Obituary: Professor Ha ns Eysenck. The Independent, 8 September 1997. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-hans-eysenck-1238119.html

Crime And Punishment And The Idiot Analysis - 900 Words

Everyone is the same, only different. People need the same things to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing, so in that sense, everyone is the same. Their differences come from their own unique dispositions and temperaments. Crime and Punishment and The Idiot, two of Dostoevsky’s novels, have two very seemingly similar protagonists, creating an illusion for the readers. When in reality, the characters can be labeled as being near opposites. Through the use of the novels of Crime and Punishment and The Idiot, Dostoevsky creates the protagonists of each novel similarly, but alters their destinies to differentiate them. It seems that Dostoevsky has created a pattern in his novels, as they â€Å"concern themselves with behavioral†¦show more content†¦Alienation occurs to both protagonists of Crime and Punishment and The Idiot. Alienation can be defined as the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity. For both Raskolnikov and Myshkin, they are both isolated from society, whether society isolates them or they isolate themselves from society. Raskolnikov isolates himself from society early on in the novel because of his presumptuous mentality and theories. His extraordinary man theory dictates his life and motivates him to commit a murder. In an explanation of his theory to Porfiry Petrovich, the murder investigator, Raskolnikov says: I only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior (ordinary), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. (Crime 141) He labels those men who have these gifts and talents as extraordinary men and places himself into that category. He believes that he is the best and better than everyone else in the world. After murdering Alyona Ivanovna, something unexplainable happens to Raskolnikov: Something was happening to him entirely new, sudden and unknown. It was not that he understood, but he felt clearly with all the intensity of sensation that he could never more appeal to these people in the police office with sentimental effusions like his recent outburst, or with anything whatever; and that if they had been his ownShow MoreRelatedSce1: Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime1502 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological-pertaining  to  the  mind  or  to  mental  phenomena  as  the subject  matter  of  psychology. -To account for criminal motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain human intellectual and emotional development. These theories can be divided into three categories: a. Moral Development Theories describe a sequence of developmental stages that peopleRead MoreThe Legal Ordering Of The Xix1677 Words   |  7 Pagessystem. For Perez grenades and Gimà ©nez-Salinas Colomer prison appears in this period as the great social invention that facilitated the combination of several functions: correcting the culprit, guaranteeing security, isolating the offender and punishment. In terms of the Anglo-Saxons, in 1840 in the prison of Pentonville of England the progressive system was imposed, that combined the cellular system in a first degree in which the prisoner was confined for 18 months, later to be sent to the AustralianRead MoreThe Themes of Dostoyevsky2976 Words   |  12 Pagesliterature. Crime and Punishment concerns a student who murders because he imagines himself to be superior to most people, but who cannot face the enormity of his crime. In The Idiot, Dostoyevsky tried to portray a truly good Christian person. â€Å"The Possessed, also published as The Devils, is a prophetic portrait of Russian revolutionaries. Dostoyevsky’s greatest novel is probably The Brothers Karamazov. It centers on the murder of the evil Fyodor Karamazov and the effect of this crime on each ofRead MoreMacbeth and Oedipus Rex Comparison Essay2262 Words   |  10 Pagesreversal of good fortune. An analysis of the two characters’ hamartia, the sympathy th ey gain from the audience, the characters’ roles in their inevitable downfall, and the role of the supernatural will emphasize why Macbeth and Oedipus are both Tragic Heroes in different ways. Macbeth and Oedipus both had a hamartia. On the one hand, Macbeth’s hamartia was his ambition for power and gullibility in trusting the witches. 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Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the thinking of Nietzsche. The two would be considered both philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late 19th century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and wouldRead MoreRelation between Economics and Law3001 Words   |  13 Pagesmodern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legalRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pagestheories of criminal behavior explain the â€Å"big picture† of crime—crime across the world or across a society. They attempt to answer why there are variations in group rates of crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"epidemiology† or social structural theories. Micro. Micro theories of criminal behavior focus on a small group of offenders or on an individual crime. They attempt to answer why some individuals are more likely than others to commit crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"individual conduct†Read More Dostoevsky was an Anti-Semite2271 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Jewish question enter into Dostoevskys thoughts in the 1860s, this decade is also the most prolific period in his literary career. In addition to writing Notes from the Underground, and The House of the Dead, Dostoevsky completes Crime and Pu nishment, The Idiot and in 1871, he finishes The Devils. In addition, this decade is marked by personal tragedy, gambling, and debts. Beginning in 1862, Dostoevsky makes the first of several sojourns to Europe and his prolonged stay (from 1867-1871), no doubtRead MoreKevin Hernandez Midyr Ushist3156 Words   |  13 Pagespunish crime promptly, impartially and by due process of law, also to make life, liberty and property secure against mob rule. Time was when lynching appeared to be sectional, but now it is national—a blight upon our nation, mocking our laws and disgracing our Christianity. â€Å"With malice toward none but with charity for all† let us undertake the work of making the â€Å"law of the land† effective and supreme upon every foot of American soil—a shield to the innocent; and to the guilty, punishment swift and

Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin (Kite Runner)

Alex DaPonte Mrs. Gill College English March 27 2012 Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin Sin will always be part of humanity, but the atonement of those sins is what matters in the end. What changes is the severity of the sin and the lengths one has to go in order to atone for those sins and redeem one’s self. In Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, guilt, atonement of sins and redemption all show that no matter what a person’s sin may be, he or she will always be able to atone for that sin and find redemption. Amir’s sins are far worse than anything most people will ever go through, yet he is able to atone for his sins, let go of his guilt thus, finding redemption. Even before Amir was born, sin would be bound to him. Hayes†¦show more content†¦Amir has finally done what he should have done about twenty-eight years ago. Fighting Assef for Sohrab helps Amir reach atonement for the sin of not fighting Assef for Hassan. Amir was given a second chance in a similar scenario with the same evil character Assef, and with that second chance Amir breaks the cycle of his sins and is able to forgive himself, becoming a better person. While Assef was beating him, Amir laughs because of his new-found atonement and lack of guilt. †¦For the first time since the winter of 1975, I felt at peace. I laughed because I saw that, in some hidden nook in a corner of my mind, id even ben looking forward to this. I remembered the day on the hill I had pelted Hassan with pomegranates and tried to provoke him†¦ I hadn’t felt better, not at all. But I did now. My body was broken†¦but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. (Hosseini 221) From here on Amir forgave himself and worked to make all the sins that burdened him right. â€Å"We were all born with a moral obligation to leave this world a little bit better than we found it† (Mcilrath). Amir finally forgives himself thus reaching redemption. After he fights Assef he wants to become a better person and be the father that he never had. Baba not only had sins of his own but gave some of his sins to Amir. Amir redeems these sins and will â€Å"leave this world a little better than† what he was born into. Sohrab was told that he would have to go

The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd Free Essays

string(70) " legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle\." Abstract The doctrine of separate legal entity is a doctrine which has gained increasing importance in the analysis of company law. The importance of this doctrine and its relevance in the analysis of laws relating to companies is evident in the case of Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC22, the leading case which gave effect to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). This case has formed the basis of company law and corporate theory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz 2012) Aligning with the above, this paper explains the following statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). Attempts will be made in this paper to analyze courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. Criticism against the decision made by the House of Lords in salomon’s case will also be examined. Statutory and judicial exceptions to Salomon shall also be explored on. Introduction Corporate theory has certain principles which practitioners and academics have struggled to define. Some of these principles seem somehow unsuitable for strict and permanent delineations given that their construction often change with time (Karasz 2012). The case of Salomon V. Salomon and Co. Ltd which has formed the basis of company law globally is one such example. Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz, 2012). The doctrine of ‘separate legal personality’ laid down in Salomon’s case has received increased recognition and is often cited in court today. In this paper we explore on the following statement made by Lord Halsbury L.C. in Salomon’s case and analyze the courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). We will also try to find the basis under which courts may decide to disregard the separate personality of a company. A delve on this topic will not be complete without exploring on Salomon’s case. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd The case of Salomon v Salomon revolves around Mr. Salomon, a businessman who incorporated his business; and given the requirements put forth in the Companies Act 1862 which require the presence of at least seven shareholders, he made his family members as business partners issuing one share to each of them (Keenan Riches 2009). The business was bought at ?39,000. Mr. Salomon held some 20,000 shares and since ?10,000 was not paid for, he was paid the remaining amount by debentures and granted a floating charge on the company’s assets as part payment (Keenan Riches 2009). Soon after the business had been incorporated, the shoe industry witnessed a series of strike which led to the government’s decision to split contracts with several other firms with the aim of diversifying and reducing the risk of its few suppliers, given the ongoing strikes (Keenan Riches 2009). Since the company was in need of more funds, they sought ?5,000 from Broderip. Salomon’s debenture was then assigned to Broderip and secured by a floating charge (Keenan Riches 2009). In the end, however, the business failed and Broderip sued to enforce his security. Given that, at the time, the company was indebted to unsecured creditors; an action against the appellant was brought by the company’s liquidator and the case tried before Vaughan Williams, J. of the high court (Keenan Riches 2009). Vaughan Williams J declared Broderip’s claim to be valid arguing that the signatories were just but mere dummies and that Mr. Salomon was acting as an agent of the company (Keenan Riches 2009). Thus the company was entitled to indemnity from the principal who in this case was Mr. Salomon (Keenan Riches 2009). The ruling made by the Court of Appeal further confirmed the earlier decision made by Vaughan William. The Court of Appeal ruled that Broderip’s claim was valid on grounds that the Appellant had abused the privileges of incorporation (Macintyre 2012). According to the Court of Appeal, the incorporation of the company was improper as the Act only contemplated the incorporation of independent bona fide shareholders with the will and minds of their own and not mere puppets (Macintyre 2012) This decision was, however, unanimously overturned by the House of Lords and the arguments of fraud and agency rejected (Macintyre 2012). They held that the Act had to be the sole guide for determining whether a company had been validly constituted. According to the Companies Act 1862, just a share was enough for one to be named as a member. It was therefore not in order to label shareholders as dummies or mere puppets since the company had been duly constituted by law and thus had a separate legal entity (Macintyre 2012). The House of Lords remarked that it was improper for the judges to read into the statute limitations based on their personal opinion (Macintyre 2012). The House further noted that while the company remained precisely the same even after being incorporated with the same hands receiving profits; by law, the company was not an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers and the subscribers were also not liable for any of the company’s liabilities (Macintyre 2012). Since then, legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle. You read "The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd" in category "Essay examples" This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law. The principle established in Salomon vs. Salomon Co Ltd has stood the test of time, given that this doctrine has formed the basis of company law (Puig 2000). As noted in Salomon’s case, a company is at law a legal entity separate from its members and can neither be an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers. The decision made by the House of Lords in Salomon’s case confirms Gooley’s observations that the doctrine of separate legal personality was a ‘double-edged sword’ (Puig 2000). While this decision was good as it promoted capitalism, the decision also extended the benefits of incorporation to private businesses thereby providing for fraud and evasion of legal obligations (Puig 2000). This criticism will be examined in detail in the next section. Criticism against Salomon’s case Despite having been cited in court, Salomon’s case has met considerable criticism. Much of the criticism has been based on the fact that corporate veil may at times lead to injustice. For example, in the article 7 Modern Law Review 54, Kahn-Freund described the decision made in Salomon’s case as â€Å"calamitous†. Kahn-Freund further called for the abolition of private companies. Criticism is also mounted against Salomon’s case on the basis that priority is given to the separate identity principle over the economic reality of a one-person company. In the article, The Law Quarterly Review, Goulding explains that criticism laid against Salomon’s case is two-fold. First, the unanimous ruling made by the House of Lords in this case gives incorporators the benefit of limited liability even in situations where it may be deemed unnecessary. Second, this decision affords unscrupulous promoters opportunities to abuse the privileges provided for under the Corporations Act. Piercing of the corporate veil Despite the seemingly categorical statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case, a few years later, the English court held that in certain situations it was permissible to disregard this principle and to ‘pierce the corporate veil’ (Mugambwa 2007). In this context, ‘piercing of corporate veil’ describes situations wherein the separate entity principle may be deemed unfair and the courts may make decisions contrary to this principle on various grounds. The court often does this so as to reach the person behind the veil and to reveal the true nature of the company (Mugambwa 2007) It has however become a hard task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which courts may lift the veil. This is an area which is said to be ill-defined, inconsistent and quite unpredictable. In Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd, Rogers AJA point out to the lack of a common and unifying principle underlying the court’s decision to lift or ignore the corporate veil (Macintyre 2012). In determining when to disregard the separate entity principle, commentators have often divided their instances into several distinct categories and often there is no consensus as to the number or type of categories, with some similar cases being placed in different categories. The ultimate policy for lifting the veil also remains elusive with some arguing that it depends on ‘policy’ while others arguing that it depends on ‘justice’ (Mugambwa 2007). Attempts have been made by commentators to categorize cases with the view of predicting the outcome of future cases but this has proved difficult largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts have significant influence on the outcome. It has also proved difficult to rationalize and categorize cases since this is an area in which the personal views of judges have a bearing on what justifies lifting the corporate veil (Karasz 2012). Statutory and judicial exceptions Despite being enshrined in the Companies Act 1997, significant exceptions have been made to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). In other words, there are certain situations in which the courts can legitimately disregard the separate legal entity principle. According to Bourne (2001), there are two main exceptions to the separate entity principle. These are statutory and judicial exceptions. In this context, statutory exceptions include provisions that penalize office holders by imposing personal liability. Several statutory provisions have introduced exceptions to the separate legal entity principle. One such statute is the Insolvency Act 1986 which involves fraudulent or rather wrongful trading (Roach 2012). In pursuant to the ‘fraudulent trading’ provision, if it appears that fraud has been used in carrying out business transactions, the court may on application of the liquidator declare any of the parties to the business liable for making contributions as may be deemed necessary by the court (Roach 2012). Judicial exceptions, on the other hand, are concerned with the company’s separate legal personality. These exceptions have, however, proven hard to define. Justification for making such exceptions also differs greatly. Sealy Worthington (2010) gave an example wherein court may make such exceptions. They argued that members can be declared by court liable where their acts constitute them as ‘principals’ and the company acting as merely an agent. This example, however, does not encompass all the judicial exceptions. One major group to this type of exception relates to fraud. In this respect, Linklater (2006) identifies three cases where fraud had significant influence on the court’s decision to lift the corporate veil: Kensington International Ltd v Congo, R v K and Trustor v Smallbone. A common feature in all these cases is that they would all have passed Salomon’s test that – ‘either the limited company was legal entity or it was not’ (Linklater 2006). There is, however, one element in all these cases which set them apart from Salomon: the fact that all the three cases were being used for fraud and to disguise the true state of affairs rather than being used for legitimate trading (Linklater 2006). Another group encompassing judicial exceptions relates to a group structure, wherein both the parent and subsidiary company are viewed as one. This can be seen in the case of Adams v Cape Industries Plc. The court of Appeal ruled that the subsidiary company acted as an agent to the parent company and thus had to be indemnified by the parent company. Another practical example wherein courts can disregard the doctrine of separate entity can be seen with certain court cases. In UK, courts may disregard Salamon’s precedent especially when public funds are at stake. In such cases, courts may decide to impose financial liability on the shareholders and directors of the company. While these exceptions have been viewed by many as undermining the doctrine of separate legal personality embodied in Salomon’s case, it should be noted that these exceptions serve to further define the doctrine by narrowing its scope and stipulating additional guidelines. Conclusion There is no doubt that the decision in Salomon’s case established the separate legal personality of a company, allowing shareholders to carry on trading with minimal exposure to the risk of personal insolvency in the event of a collapse. There are, however, exceptions to this principle wherein the court may justifiably disregard and make rulings contrary to this principle. It remains, however, a daunting task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which the courts may be justified to lift the corporate veil. This is largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts and personal views of judges have a bearing on the outcome. Nonetheless, the principle in Salomon case is widely recognized and followed in courts. This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law Reference Bourne, N., 2001. Bourne on Company Law. 5th edition, Oxon, Routledge Gooley, J., 1995. Corporations and associations law: principles and issues. 3rd edition. Sydney: Butterworths Kahn-Freund, O., 1944. Some reflections on Company Law Reform. 7 Modern Law Review, page 54-66 Karasz, A., 2012, Corporate world today: courts respond to limited liability and board’s decision making – a fight for a justice or rather prosperity at stake Keenan, D. and S. Riches, 2009. Business law, 9th edition. Harlow, Pearson Longman. Linklater, L., 2006. ‘†Piercing the corporate veil† – the never ending story?’ Comp. Law 27 (3), 65-66 Macintyre, E., 2012. Business law. 6th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Mugambwa, J.T., 2007. Commercial and business organizations law in Papua New Guinea. Routledge-Cavendish Puig, G.V., 2000. A two-edged sword: Salomon and the separate legal entity doctrine. Corporation law. Vol.7 (3) Roach, L., 2012. Card James’ Business Law for business, accounting and finance students. 2nd edition. OUP Oxford. Sealy, L. and S. Worthington, 2010. Sealy’s Cases and Materials in Company Law. 9th edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Stephen, J., 2008. Business organisations and the veil of incorporation. In: Q A: Company Law. Oxford university press. How to cite The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd, Essay examples